The effectiveness of SPARX, a computerised self help intervention for adolescents seeking help for depression: randomised controlled non-inferiority trial

Abstract

Objective To evaluate whether a new computerised cognitive behavioural therapy intervention (SPARX, Smart, Positive, Active, Realistic, X-factor thoughts) could reduce depressive symptoms in help seeking adolescents as much or more than treatment as usual.Design Multicentre randomised controlled non-inferiority trial.Setting 24 primary healthcare sites in New Zealand (youth clinics, general practices, and school based counselling services).Participants 187 adolescents aged 12-19, seeking help for depressive symptoms, with no major risk of self harm and deemed in need of treatment by their primary healthcare clinicians: 94 were allocated to SPARX and 93 to treatment as usual.Interventions Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy (SPARX) comprising seven modules delivered over a period of between four and seven weeks, versus treatment as usual comprising primarily face to face counselling delivered by trained counsellors and clinical psychologists.Outcomes The primary outcome was the change in score on the children's depression rating scale-revised. Secondary outcomes included response and remission on the children's depression rating scale-revised, change scores on the Reynolds adolescent depression scale-second edition, the mood and feelings questionnaire, the Kazdin hopelessness scale for children, the Spence children's anxiety scale, the paediatric quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire, and overall satisfaction with treatment ratings.Results 94 participants were allocated to SPARX (mean age 15.6 years, 62.8% female) and 93 to treatment as usual (mean age 15.6 years, 68.8% female). 170 adolescents (91%, SPARX n=85, treatment as usual n=85) were assessed after intervention and 168 (90%, SPARX n=83, treatment as usual n=85) were assessed at the three month follow-up point. Per protocol analyses (n=143) showed that SPARX was not inferior to treatment as usual. Post-intervention, there was a mean reduction of 10.32 in SPARX and 7.59 in treatment as usual in raw scores on the children's depression rating scale-revised (between group difference 2.73, 95% confidence interval −0.31 to 5.77; P=0.079). Remission rates were significantly higher in the SPARX arm (n=31, 43.7%) than in the treatment as usual arm (n=19, 26.4%) (difference 17.3%, 95% confidence interval 1.6% to 31.8%; P=0.030) and response rates did not differ significantly between the SPARX arm (66.2%, n=47) and treatment as usual arm (58.3%, n=42) (difference 7.9%, −7.9% to 24%; P=0.332). All secondary measures supported non-inferiority. Intention to treat analyses confirmed these findings. Improvements were maintained at follow-up. The frequency of adverse events classified as "possibly" or "probably" related to the intervention did not differ between groups (SPARX n=11; treatment as usual n=11).Conclusions SPARX is a potential alternative to usual care for adolescents presenting with depressive symptoms in primary care settings and could be used to address some of the unmet demand for treatment.Trial registration Australian New...

Effectiveness of Serious Gaming During Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation for Patients with Complex Chronic Pain or Fatigue: A Natural Quasi-experiment (Preprint)

“…Few previous studies assessed the effect of exposure to games on health outcomes with a pragmatic trial design [59,60]. The small effect size found in this study is consistent with those studies, as well as with previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled studies on the efficacy of games for clinical and behavioral outcomes [30,35].…”

“…The small effect size found in this study is consistent with those studies, as well as with previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled studies on the efficacy of games for clinical and behavioral outcomes [30,35]. Although interdependent outcome domains change simultaneously [61], results add specifically to anecdotal evidence from previous randomized trials that depressive symptoms are a plausible target for serious gaming [60,62]. Current findings also suggest relatively efficiency of the group format, and largely independent computer usage.…”

Tips for research recruitment: The views of sexual minority youth

“…In summary, Rainbow SPARX is the 'rainbow version' of SPARX (Merry et al, 2012). It is a seven module computerized cognitive behavioral therapy program, which uses the medium of a fantasy world, in which the user's avatar is faced with a series of challenges to rid a virtual world of gloom and negativity.…”

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“…En última instancia, los investigadores han demostrado interés en la evaluación de los videojuegos para aplicaciones prácticas, por ejemplo, en el tratamiento cognitivo del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) (Fletcher, 2013;Prins et al, 2013), así como para el seguimiento y evaluación de diversos trastornos neuropsiquiátricos relacionados, como el autismo y la depresión (Hiniker, Wong & Williamson, 2013;Iakimova et al, 2013, Merry et al, 2012. Por otra parte, se están discutiendo las aplicaciones para el trastorno de la fluencia de inicio en la infancia (i.e.…”