The effect on CO2 emissions of taxing truck distance in retail transports

Abstract

To finance transportation infrastructure and to address social and environmental negative externalities of road transports, several countries have recently introduced or consider a distance based tax on trucks. In competitive retail and transportation markets, such tax can be expected to lower the demand and thereby reduce CO 2 emissions of road transports. However, as we show in this paper, such tax might also slow down the transition towards e-tailing. Considering that previous research indicates that a consumer switching from brick-and-mortar shopping to e-tailing reduces her CO 2 emissions substantially, the direction and magnitude of the environmental net effect of the tax is unclear. In this paper, we assess the net effect in a Swedish regional retail market where the tax not yet is in place. We predict the net effect on CO 2 emissions to be positive, but off-set by about 50% because of a slower transition to etailing.

The Relationship between Road Tax Rate Reduction Depending on Vehicle Age and Emission Parameters of Taxed Vehicle Categories in the Czech Republic

“…The annual road tax, which should be considered an environmental tax, is collected as a means to reduce emissions by vehicles that use fossil fuel (Carling et al, 2017;Dong et al, 2017;Fiorito, 2017;Marriot and Mortimore, 2017;Rasool, Zaidi and Zafar, 2019;Zhou et al, 2018). The following authors see advantages of this tax: according to Pearce (1991), it corrects distortions, Barbieri (2015) sees a positive correlation between environmental taxes and green automotive patent activity, Solaymani and Kari (2013) and Scrimgeour, Oxley and Fatai (2005) appreciate a relatively low impact on value-added tax and investment, according to Pui and Othman (2017) it generally contributes to better quality of the environment and Kim Han and Moon (2011) consider the tax cost-effective.…”

“…The disadvantages of the tax are seen by Bjertnaes (2019) in the manufacturers' tendency to cheat in measuring and declaring this indicator, by David (2012; in substituting citizens' education and information with mere financial pressure, by Carling et al (2017) in the reduction of CO 2 emissions due to a slower transition to e-tailing, by Alberini et al (2018) in the reduction of emission benefits by postponing the purchase of a vehicle, and by Scrimgeour, Oxley and Fatai (2005) in the decrease of the gross domestic product and household consumption and welfare. Neither Klier and Linn (2015) nor Alberini and Bareit (2017) support this tax.…”

Reviewing Truck Logistics: Solutions for Achieving Low Emission Road Freight Transport

“…For example, bio-gases, among others, are an alternative option for consideration. Additional solutions come from fiscal tools, e.g., [16].…”

Joint optimization of green vehicle scheduling and routing problem with time-varying speeds

“…The corresponding information on the locations, distance matrix, demands, and time windows of all the supermarket service nodes are shown in Appendices 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The fixed costs of the vehicles, driver wages during normal work period, fuel cost, penalty cost of time-window violation, and CO 2 emissions tax charge are set to 100 CNY per shift, 15 CNY per hour, 7.59 CNY per liter, 10 CNY per hour, and 80 CNY per ton, respectively[ 49 ][ 50 ]. The wages of drivers during the nonworking hours are twice that during the normal work period.…”