The Effect of Wet Underwater Welding on Cold Cracking Susceptibility of Duplex Stainless Steel

Abstract

The present work was conducted to assess the weldability of duplex stainless steel in underwater conditions. Metal manual arc welding (MMA) with the use of coated electrodes was used in the investigations. Tekken weldability tests were performed underwater at 0.5 m depth and in the air. Nondestructive tests, metallographic examinations of welds, ferrite content assessment in microstructure and hardness test were performed. The good weldability at underwater conditions of duplex stainless with the use of MMA method was confirmed, however difficulties in stable arc burning were revealed.

Underwater Wet Repair Welding of API 5L X65M Pipeline Steel

“…The wet welding method with the use of covered electrodes is the most commonly applied to underwater welding [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The technique is characterised by a relatively low cost and possibility of carrying out the welding in situation where application of other methods, e.g.…”

“…Direct contact of joined elements and electric arc with water contributes to occurrence of welding defects. The greatest problems are due to susceptibility to cracking, especially cold cracking, of welds made underwater [3,8,10,[13][14][15][16][17]. High cooling rate of welded joint and associated with it tendency to forming hard quenching structures within the HAZ and increased amount of diffusible hydrogen in deposited metal is conducive to the phenomenon [18][19][20][21][22].…”

“…High cooling rate of welded joint and associated with it tendency to forming hard quenching structures within the HAZ and increased amount of diffusible hydrogen in deposited metal is conducive to the phenomenon [18][19][20][21][22]. Cold cracking is one of the forms of hydrogen-generated failures of welded joints [10,17,23].…”

Effect of Heat Sink and Cooling Mediums on Ferrite Austenite Ratio and Distortion in Laser Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205

“…Many metal joining techniques even in intense conditions [12,13] have been developed to achieve high quality welded joints of DSS. Laser welding combines the ability to control the profile of the weld, repeatability and simple automation along with an extremely narrow heat affected zone.…”

Temper Bead Welding of S420G2+M Steel in Water Environment

“…The application of underwater welding processes covers mainly the renovation and repair works of hydro-technical structures operating in harsh marine environments [1,21,26]. Severe requirements resulting from such conditions require the use of fine-grained, high strength steels.…”