The effect of water treatment processes on the removal of hepatotoxins fromMicrocystis andOscillatoria cyanobacteria: A laboratory study

Himberg, Kimmo; Keijola, A M; Hiisvirta, L.; Pyysalo, Heikki; Sivonen, Kaarina

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(89)90171-1

Cited by 208 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere. 2004.11.070 such as coagulation, sedimentation and filtration are not effective for removing MCs (Himberg et al, 1989). Activated carbon adsorption (Lambert et al, 1996), biotransformation (Angeline et al, 1995), chlorination (Nicholson et al, 1994;Tsuji et al, 1997), ozonation (Hoeger et al, 2002), ferrate (Yuan et al, 2002) and photocatalytic oxidation (Lawton and Robertson, 1999;Liu et al, 2003) have also been investigated (Hitzfeld et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of microcystins in aqueous solution with in situ electrogenerated active chlorine

Shi

Wang

et al. 2005

Chemosphere

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A new and efficient method for the degradation of microcystins (one family of blue algal toxins) was developed and studied. Microcystins (MCs) in water were directly and effectively removed by active chlorine transformed in situ from the naturally existing Cl À in water resource using electrochemical method. , 20°C and pH 7.00. The qualitative analysis showed that the heptapetide ring and the Adda group of both treated MCs were changed. The results also indicated that the removal rates of both MCs increased with the increasing of chloride concentration and applied current density, but decreased with the increasing of initial concentration of MCs and initial pH of electrolyte. In the absence of Cl À , only a small fraction of both MCs were decomposed by direct anodic oxidation, while their almost complete removals could be obtained in the case of indirect electrooxidation with in situ electrogenerated active chlorine from Cl À in water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of microcystins in aqueous solution with in situ electrogenerated active chlorine

Shi

Wang

et al. 2005

Chemosphere

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“…Several attempts for removal of blue-green algae have been reported [1][2][3][4]. Among them, dissolved air flotation (DAF) method [5][6][7][8][9] has been a promising technique for more effective treatment of blue-green algae removal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flotation of blue-green algae using methylated egg ovalbumin

Maruyama

Seki

Suzuki

2009

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Removal of blue-green algae by dispersed gas flotation was conducted. Methylated ovalbumin (MeOA) was used as frother and flocculant, which is a biodegradable substance. The continuous flotation experiments were conducted at different feed mass flow rate of the blue-green algae cells and MeOA. The operating variables were the mass flow rate of blue-green algae cell and MeOA, the initial concentration of the cells and

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“…After this treatment, the ozone residual was zero, reflecting the higher organic load and resultant high ozone demand. The critical importance of ozone dose, especially with respect to the organic load of the water, was also shown in several Finnish studies (95)(96)(97). Fresh and freezedried natural bloom material (M aeruginosa, M. wesenbergii, M. viridis) from a Finnish lake (LD50 60-75 mg/kg bw, mouse ip) as (120).…”

Section: Lightmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Chlorination, flocculation, or sand filtration were unable to destroy the toxins; only the last step, powdered activated carbon (PAC) at a ratio of 1:10 to 1:100 (toxin:activated carbon), removed a toxin concentration of 3 pg/mL to below toxic levels. Studies using 50 mg lyophilized cyanobacteria also show that conventional flocculation, filtration, and chlorination are not efficient in destroying the toxins: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis shows a toxin reduction of up to only 34% (95,96). Only the inclusion of a treatment step with activated carbon resulted in 100% removal of the toxins from water.…”

Section: Cylindrospermopsinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment.

Hitzfeld

Höger

Dietrich

2000

Environ Health Perspect

255

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Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce toxins that may present a hazard for drinking water safety. These toxins (microcystins, nodularins, saxitoxins, anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), cylindrospermopsin) are structurally diverse and their effects range from liver damage, including liver cancer, to neurotoxicity. The occurrence of cyanobacteria and their toxins in water bodies used for the production of drinking water poses a technical challenge for water utility managers. With respect to their removal in water treatment procedures, of the more than 60 microcystin congeners, microcystin-LR (L, L-leucine; R, L-arginine) is the best studied cyanobacterial toxin, whereas information for the other toxins is largely lacking. In response to the growing concern about nonlethal acute and chronic effects of microcystins, the World Health Organization has recently set a new provisional guideline value for microcystin-LR of 1.0 pg/L drinking water. This will lead to further efforts by water suppliers to develop effective treatment procedures to remove these toxins. Of the water treatment procedures discussed in this review, chlorination, possibly micro-/ultrafiltration, but especially ozonation are the most effective in destroying cyanobacteria and in removing microcystins. However, these treatments may not be sufficient during bloom situations or when a high organic load is present, and toxin levels should therefore be monitored during the water treatment process. In order to perform an adequate human risk assessment of microcystin exposure via drinking water, the issue of water treatment byproducts will have to be addressed in the future.

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The effect of water treatment processes on the removal of hepatotoxins fromMicrocystis andOscillatoria cyanobacteria: A laboratory study

Cited by 208 publications

References 5 publications

Degradation of microcystins in aqueous solution with in situ electrogenerated active chlorine

Degradation of microcystins in aqueous solution with in situ electrogenerated active chlorine

Flotation of blue-green algae using methylated egg ovalbumin

Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment.

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