The Effect of Ultraviolet Photofunctionalization on a Titanium Dental Implant with Machined Surface: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization has been suggested as an effective method to enhance the osseointegration of titanium surface. In this study, machined surface treated with UV light (M + UV) was compared to sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface through in vitro and in vivo studies. Groups of titanium specimens were defined as machined (M), SLA, and M + UV for the disc type, and M + UV and SLA for the implant. The discs and implants were assessed using scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and the contact angle. Additionally, we evaluated the cell attachment, proliferation assay, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the MC3T3-E1 cells. In a rabbit tibia model, the implants were examined to evaluate the bone-to-implant contact ratio and the bone area. In the M + UV group, we observed the lower amount of carbon, a 0°-degree contact angle, and enhanced osteogenic cell activities (p < 0.05). The histomorphometric analysis showed that a higher bone-to-implant contact ratio was found in the M + UV implant at 10 days (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the UV photofunctionalization of a Ti dental implant with M surface attained earlier osseointegration than SLA.

An Integrated Overview of Ultraviolet Technology for Reversing Titanium Dental Implant Degradation: Mechanism of Reaction and Effectivity

“…All implants placed in tibias and femurs were unloaded. In detail, most authors reported significantly increased BIC [57,71,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79], push-in values [40,44,[80][81][82][83], bone volume [72,84], or bone mineral [85,86] were noted in all animal models studied for photofunctionalized groups disregarding implant surface modifications/topography. The differences were insignificant for both UV-treated and non-UV-treated reported in four animal studies [87][88][89][90].…”

Photofunctionalization as a suitable approach to improve the osseointegration of implants in animal models—A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…UV-mediated photofunctionalization induces a conversion of the surface wettability to a more hydrophilic status and a modification of the surface electrostatic properties by the removal of hydrocarbons (Dini et al, 2020;Hori et al, 2010). These surface modifications have been proven to increase protein adsorption and osteoblastic cell adhesion and, consequently, to accelerate the osseointegration process in in vitro and in vivo conditions (Aita et al, 2009;de Avila et al, 2015;Choi et al, 2017;Lee et al, 2019).…”

“…This includes hydrocarbon removal, electropositive status conversion, and surface superhydrophilicity produced by the creation of oxygen vacancies (Aita et al, 2009). These surface modifications have demonstrated significant improvements in the biological properties of dental implants with greater protein adsorption as well as higher proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteogenic cells in vitro (Att et al, 2009;Lee et al, 2019;Minamikawa et al, 2014).…”

In vivo effect of UV‐photofunctionalization of CoCrMo in processes of guided bone regeneration and tissue engineering

“…UV photofunctionalization has been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo in the last decade as surface modification of implantable metallic materials (Areid et al, 2018;Henningsen et al, 2018;Soltanzadeh et al, 2017). This phenomenon has been found to be associated with the photochemical and photocatalytic removal of hydrocarbons from the metallic surfaces, and it has been suggested as an effective method of enhancing the osteoconductivity to improve the F I G U R E 4 Scheme of histological sectioning showing the cut orientation osseointegration and bone formation (Lee et al, 2019;Yamauchi et al, 2017), similar to that seen for non-thermal plasma treatment and nano-scaled surface modification (Guo et al, 2019;Henningsen et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2018). The treatment has proven to be effective in enhancing bone formation and bone regeneration in the treatment of critical bone defects; but, it has been mainly used in dentistry (Hirakawa et al, 2013;Park, Koak, Kim, Han, & Heo, 2013;Suzuki, Kobayashi, & Ogawa, 2013).…”