The Effect of Two-Zone Concentric Bifocal Spectacle Lenses on Refractive Error Development and Eye Growth in Young Chicks

Liu, Yue; Wildsoet, Christine F.

doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5716

Cited by 133 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…53 Right: changes in refractive error produced in chickens by treatment lenses with zeropowered central zones and þ 5D peripheral zones (filled circles) plotted as a function of the diameter of the central zone. 51 The open diamond represents the changes in refraction produced by a þ 5D single-vision lens. imposed myopic defocus should be effective in slowing myopia progression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, optical manipulations of peripheral vision, which do not alter central vision, may be effective in controlling central refractive development. [51][52][53] Figure 1 Interocular differences in refractive error (treated eye correction À fellow eye correction) plotted as a function of age for individual monkeys reared with À 3D (left panel) or þ 3D lenses over one eye (middle panel). 22,46 The fellow eyes viewed through zero-powered lenses.…”

Section: Refractive Development Is Regulated In a Locus-specific Mannermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there is still much to learn about these factors, when there are conflicting visual signals between the central retina and the periphery, the peripheral signals can dominate central refractive development. For example, as illustrated in the left and middle panels of Figure 4, infant monkeys, which are reared with treatment lenses with central apertures that provide unrestricted central vision and produce either form deprivation 53 or hyperopic defocus 51,53 in the periphery, develop central myopia, although the central retina received visual signals that should have supported normal emmetropization. Similarly, the right panel in Figure 4 shows that myopic defocus imposed in the periphery is very effective in slowing axial growth and in producing central hyperopia in chickens, 51,52 which specifically provides support for peripheral optical treatment strategies for myopia.…”

Section: Peripheral Visual Signals Can Dominate Central Refractive Dementioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual regulation of refractive development: insights from animal studies

Smith

Hung

Arumugam

2013

Eye

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Investigations employing animal models have demonstrated that ocular growth and refractive development are regulated by visual feedback. In particular, lens compensation experiments in which treatment lenses are used to manipulate the eye's effective refractive state have shown that emmetropization is actively regulated by signals produced by optical defocus. These observations in animals are significant because they indicate that it should be possible to use optical treatment strategies to influence refractive development in children, specifically to slow the rate of myopia progression. This review highlights some of the optical performance properties of the vision-dependent mechanisms that regulate refractive error development, especially those that are likely to influence the efficacy of optical treatment strategies for myopia. In this respect, the results from animal studies have been very consistent across species; however, to facilitate extrapolation to clinical settings, results are presented primarily for nonhuman primates. In agreement with preliminary clinical trials, the experimental data show that imposed myopic defocus can slow ocular growth and that treatment strategies that influence visual signals over a large area of the retina are likely to be most effective. Eye (2014) 28, 180-188; doi:10.1038/eye.2013.277; published online 13 December 2013Keywords: myopia; hyperopia; defocus; emmetropization Curtin 1 credits Kepler with being one of the first vision scientists to recognize the association between near work and myopia and for hypothesizing that myopia was an adaptation to near work. Although these seminal observations (circa 1610) have been replicated numerous times and much has been learnt about potential risk factors for the development of common forms of myopia, centuries of research on myopia in humans have failed to provide a clear indication of what it is about near work that promotes the development of myopia or to identify the physiological mechanisms that promote myopia in children as a result of chronic near work. However, beginning in the 1960s, research employing animal models was greatly expanded and began to provide new insights into the effects of visual experience on ocular growth and refractive development.The nature of the visual manipulations that have been employed to characterize refractive development in animals fall into three broad categories. The first category involved either natural or imposed restrictions in viewing distance and was largely motivated by the near work hypothesis. For example, comparisons of refractive errors between feral and domesticated or laboratory-reared animals supported the idea that environments that restrict viewing distance are myopiagenic. 2,3 However, these studies suffered from many of the same confounding issues associated with human studies. 4 A more controlled line of research was begun by Levinsohn 5 and continued most notably by Young, 6-9 who demonstrated that monkeys reared in environments with a maximum viewing distance o...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Refractive Development Is Regulated In a Locus-specific Mannermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peripheral Visual Signals Can Dominate Central Refractive Dementioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual regulation of refractive development: insights from animal studies

Smith

Hung

Arumugam

2013

Eye

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“…Liu and Wildsoet 33,35 investigated chickens' responses to lenses with a different central power to peripheral power. Their results indicated some variation in the myopia progression and axial length, dependent on aperture size and the relationship of the central to the peripheral zone power.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Defocus-Induced Myopia in Chickens

Woods

Guthrie

Keir

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…Liu and Wildsoet recently reported an interesting finding in two-zone defocus stimulations in refractive development of young chicks [2]. They used a two-zone concentric spectacle lens with five different central zone diameters (from 2.5 to 6.5 mm) and with four combinations of refractive power (plano of central zone with −5 D or +5D of peripheral zone, and plano of peripheral zone with −5 D or +5D of central zone).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%