“…Although attempts at teaching formal and post-formal reasoning patterns in the classroom do not achieve the same degree of success as one-onone sessions such as those just described, students do show marked improvements as a consequence of the right sort of classroom instruction (e.g., Cavallo, 1996;Germann, 1994;Harrison, Grayson & Treagust, 1999;Johnson & Lawson, 1998;Lawson, 1992Lawson, , 1999Lawson et al, 2000aLawson et al, , 2000bNoh & Scharmann, 1997;Shayer & Adey, 1993;Shymansky, 1984;Shymansky, Kyle & Alport, 1983, 2003Westbrook & Rogers, 1994;Wong, 1993;Zohar, Weinberger & Tamir, 1994). In general successful classroom instruction begins with explorations in which students encounter puzzling observations.…”