In this article, we first research on the relationship between joint damage evolution and peeling stress distribution of carbon fiber reinforced plastic p adhesive-bonded joints by finite element method. According to the damage form of carbon fiber reinforced plastic p adhesive-bonded joints, we established its progressive damage finite element model based on the two-dimensional Hashin failure criterion and cohesive zone model. Then, based on the fiber Bragg grating reflectance spectra at the debonding part during the damage evolution process obtained by simulation analysis, the distribution of peeling stress at the debonding area is reconstructed using the hybrid artificial fish swarm and frog leaping algorithm. The results show that the convergence of the artificial fish swarm and frog leaping algorithm is improved significantly in the early stage, the time consumed in getting out of the local convergence and finding optimal solutions is obviously shortened, and the reconstructed stress distribution is in high agreement with the ideal stress distribution corresponding to numerical simulation, which verifies the feasibility of this method in the damage detection of carbon fiber reinforced plastic p adhesive-bonded joints.