“…If the disturbance term (U i ) is introduced, the log it model becomes (equation (7) ). Variables with a contingency coefficient of less than 0.75 have weak associations, while values greater than 0.75 have strong associations ( Al-Tarawnah and Al-Qahtani, 2022 ). A goodness of fit metric is a review statistic that represents the model's accuracy in observed data ( Magrini, 2022 ).…”