The effect of temperature on the emission of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from laminate flooring — case study

Wiglusz, R; Sitko, Elzbieta; Nikel, Grazyna; Jarnuszkiewicz, I; Igielska, Barbara

doi:10.1016/s0360-1323(00)00091-3

Cited by 70 publications

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“…This means that most of the formaldehyde in building materials cannot be emitted at room temperature; the EN 120 uses temperatures around 110 °C, and the EN 717-2 method uses temperatures of 60 °C (Salem et al 2012a). Wiglusz et al (2002) reported that at 23 and 29 °C, the measurements did not show any emission of formaldehyde; at a temperature of 50 °C, a high initial concentration of FE was found and it decreased with time. The referenced chambers (EN 717-1 and ASTM D 6007-02) use conditions common to an indoor environment (Salem et al 2012b;Salem 2011b;Yu and Crump 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Salem¹,

Böhm²

2013

BioResources

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Wood is known to contain and emit volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde. The emission of formaldehyde from wood increases during its processing to lumber and wood-based panels (i.e., particleboard and fiberboard). This increased emission can be attributed to the processing procedure of wood, which includes drying, pressing, and thermo-hydrolysis. Formaldehyde is emitted from wood under very high heat and is not expected to be a significant source of the emissions from composite wood products during normal service. Formaldehyde is also detectable even if wood has never been heated as well as under more or less ambient conditions. The presence of formaldehyde in the emissions from wood that does not contain adhesive resin has been explained by thermal degradation of polysaccharides in the wood. The emission levels of formaldehyde depend on factors such as wood species, moisture content, outside temperature, and time of storage. Additionally, the pyrolysis of milled wood lignin at 450 °C yields benzaldehyde, and the pyrolysis of spruce and pinewood at 450 °C generate formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2-propenal, butanal, and butanone, which can be attributed to the breakdown of the polysaccharide fraction of the wood. Keywords INTRODUCTIONThe European Union, the USA, China, and Japan now have legislation regulating the allowed levels of formaldehyde emission (FE) from wood and wood-based products, and without doubt there will be increased focus and controls placed on products that are known to release formaldehyde (Salthammer et al. 2010). The main sources of FE from wood-based products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard (PB), and plywood are the resins used, such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-modified urea formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) (Salem et al. 2011a). Solid wood grown in normal forest conditions releases low levels of formaldehyde, particularly during the manufacturing process (Salem et al. 2012a). Furthermore, PF resins are frequently used in the manufacture of cork products. For this reason, formaldehyde and phenol are often measured together (Horn et al. 1998 Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring chemical in wood, as wood contains a diminutive, but still detectable amount of free formaldehyde. Formaldehyde can be formed from the main components of wood (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) as well as from its extractives (Schäfer and Roffael 2000) to different extents depending on the boundary conditions (pH value, temperature). On the other hand, the inorganic substances in wood do not directly contribute to formaldehyde release.The FE from solid wood increases at elevated temperatures and prolonged heating times (Schäfer and Roffael 2000), even in the absence of wood resin (Jiang et al. 2002). On the other hand, the degree of polymerization of cellulose seems to have no significant influence on the emission of formaldehyde; also, raising the temperature to 100 and 150 °C, the formaldehyde liberation from starch is also very low even at high reaction ...

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confidence: 99%

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Salem¹,

Böhm²

2013

BioResources

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“…In particular, ureaeformaldehyde (UF) resin has the highest formaldehyde emission rate because it contains a large amount of incompletely cured UF resin, free formaldehyde, and formaldehyde emission from the hydrolysis of cured UF resin. Flooring can affect the chemical contamination of indoor air with floor heating [19]. Kim [14] reported that aldehyde emissions from wood-based composites, such as PB, MDF, engineered flooring, and laminate flooring, showed similar results.…”

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Emission behavior of formaldehyde and TVOC from engineered flooring in under heating and air circulation systems

Kim

et al. 2010

Building and Environment

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“…Wiglusz and coworkers (Wiglusz et al, 2002) compared FA and VOC emission rates at various temperatures -23EC, 29EC and 50EC -from two types of laminate flooring: a bonded laminate on top of a particleboard substrate (A); and thermofused saturated papers on top of a high density fiber substrate (B). At lower temperatures, no FA emission was detected while the VOC emission rate was low.…”

Section: Emission Of Volatile Organic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesives based on formaldehyde – environmental problems

Wojtkowska¹,

Załęska-Radziwiłł²,

Tabernacka³

2017

bta

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Adhesives are substances that increase the surface adhesion of bonded items. Unfortunately, they also emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which negatively impact upon human and animal health. VOCs have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties and can cause migraines, irritation to the eyes, nasal passages, mouth, and lungs, and respiratory problems. Wastewater from adhesive production is characterized by high levels of pollutants and contains high concentrations of compounds including formaldehyde that are toxic to water biocenoses. Moreover, its purification causes many problems and requires the application of specific methods. This review presents data concerning the toxicity and ecotoxicity of selected adhesives components. VOC emission rates from adhesives and wooden construction elements with adhesives are also discussed and assessed. Current knowledge on the treatment methods for wastewater containing adhesive components is reviewed. Finally, the treatment and disposal methods for solid wooden waste containing adhesives are also analyzed and discussed.

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The effect of temperature on the emission of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from laminate flooring — case study

Cited by 70 publications

References 0 publications

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Emission behavior of formaldehyde and TVOC from engineered flooring in under heating and air circulation systems

Adhesives based on formaldehyde – environmental problems

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