The Effect of Task Complexity on Time Estimation in the Virtual Reality Environment: An EEG Study

Li, Jiaxin; Kim, Jieun

doi:10.3390/app11209779

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…As a result, the estimation error was greater in the virtual situation, and the participants considered (with regard to the results of the NASA-TLX questionnaire) that the mental load associated with estimating distances in the virtual situation to be greater than that associated with the same task in the real situation. These results are consistent with the literature, showing that a higher mental workload is associated with greater task complexity [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ] and that a high mental workload is generally associated with a decrease in performance [ 35 ]. In our study, the decrease in performance corresponded to an increase in the distance estimation error in a virtual situation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Estimation of Distances within Real and Virtual Dental Models as a Function of Task Complexity

et al. 2023

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Orthodontists have seen their practices evolve from estimating distances on plaster models to estimating distances on non-immersive virtual models. However, if the estimation of distance using real models can generate errors (compared to the real distance measured using tools), which remains acceptable from a clinical point of view, is this also the case for distance estimation performed on digital models? To answer this question, 50 orthodontists (31 women and 19 men) with an average age of 36 years (σ = 12.84; min = 23; max = 63) participated in an experiment consisting of estimating 3 types of distances (mandibular crowding, inter-canine distance, and inter-molar distance) on 6 dental models, including 3 real and 3 virtual models. Moreover, these models were of three different levels of complexity (easy, medium, and difficult). The results showed that, overall, the distances were overestimated (compared to the distance measured using an instrument) regardless of the situation (estimates on real or virtual models), but this overestimation was greater for the virtual models than for the real models. In addition, the mental load associated with the estimation tasks was considered by practitioners to be greater for the estimation tasks performed virtually compared to the same tasks performed on plaster models. Finally, when the estimation task was more complex, the number of estimation errors decreased in both the real and virtual situations, which could be related to the greater number of therapeutic issues associated with more complex models.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Estimation of Distances within Real and Virtual Dental Models as a Function of Task Complexity

et al. 2023

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“…Moreover, betaband activation has also been linked with perception of time across multiple studies (e.g., Ghaderi et al, 2018;Damsma et al, 2021). The work by Li and Kim (2021) also showed that beta band activity around the Fpz region could be linked to task complexity, which in turn, was shown to also modulate time perception. In a similar vein, the work by Wiener et al (2018) showed that transcranial alternating current stimulation over the fronto-central cortex at beta frequency could shift the perception of time to make stimuli seem longer in duration.…”

Section: Feature Importancementioning

confidence: 97%

Quantifying time perception during virtual reality gameplay using a multimodal biosensor-instrumented headset: a feasibility study

Moinnereau

Oliveira²,

Falk

2023

Front. Neuroergonomics

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We have all experienced the sense of time slowing down when we are bored or speeding up when we are focused, engaged, or excited about a task. In virtual reality (VR), perception of time can be a key aspect related to flow, immersion, engagement, and ultimately, to overall quality of experience. While several studies have explored changes in time perception using questionnaires, limited studies have attempted to characterize them objectively. In this paper, we propose the use of a multimodal biosensor-embedded VR headset capable of measuring electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), electrocardiography (ECG), and head movement data while the user is immersed in a virtual environment. Eight gamers were recruited to play a commercial action game comprised of puzzle-solving tasks and first-person shooting and combat. After gameplay, ratings were given across multiple dimensions, including (1) the perception of time flowing differently than usual and (2) the gamers losing sense of time. Several features were extracted from the biosignals, ranked based on a two-step feature selection procedure, and then mapped to a predicted time perception rating using a Gaussian process regressor. Top features were found to come from the four signal modalities and the two regressors, one for each time perception scale, were shown to achieve results significantly better than chance. An in-depth analysis of the top features is presented with the hope that the insights can be used to inform the design of more engaging and immersive VR experiences.

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“…d) Flicker rate and duration, the frequency and duration of the blinks of the eyes decrease with MWL [37] decrease fixation duration, the fixation is shorter when MWL is present [35]. e) Pupil dilatation, the eye pupil gets bigger with MWL [38,39,40]. f) Intraocular pressure (IOP) high values are related to high MWL values [41,42].…”

Section: Physiological Mwl Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time mental workload measurement for four break configurations in cognitive tasks using the EEG-based workload index (EWI)

Arana-De-Las-Casas,

Sáenz-Zamarrón,

Maldonado-Macías

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The current real tasks in work environments are complex, they demand a large amount of cognitive work, which causes the need to carry out Mental Workload (MWL) studies during the execution of those tasks. In high-tech manufacturing processes, the human-machine systems adopted are technologically more complex than ever and, consequently, the MWL of employees has increased during their work activities. A high MWL can adversely affect employee well-being, causing new health problems, mainly cognitive. MWL has become a relevant workplace concern due to its relationship with poor performance, low productivity, human errors, accidents, and stress. In this project, a design of experiments framework was created to measure MWL through a graphical user interface (GUI) that contains the Dual N-back method, it is developed by subjects while they performed a set of cognitive tasks; and it is measured physiologically by electroencephalogram (EEG). The design integrated hardware (Cyton© card as EEG measurement equipment) and software (OpenBCI, MATLAB, EEGLAB) that automatically synchronizes the electroencephalogram (EEG) with the activity performed (stimulus), this was done by using the Lab Streaming Layer (LSL)© system, which allows real-time data transmission between applications in a computer. This study validated the EWI model as an index of MWL performance.

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The Effect of Task Complexity on Time Estimation in the Virtual Reality Environment: An EEG Study

Cited by 6 publications

References 78 publications

Estimation of Distances within Real and Virtual Dental Models as a Function of Task Complexity

Estimation of Distances within Real and Virtual Dental Models as a Function of Task Complexity

Quantifying time perception during virtual reality gameplay using a multimodal biosensor-instrumented headset: a feasibility study

Real-time mental workload measurement for four break configurations in cognitive tasks using the EEG-based workload index (EWI)

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