The effect of sunk cost, framing effect, and educational background on the escalation of commitment

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine whether negative framing and sunk costs affecting the escalation of commitments with an educational background as moderating variable. The study uses an experimental study approach with 2 x 2 x 2 within-subjects design. There were 39 managers from a state-owned enterprise who participated in this experiment. The result indicates that sunk costs and negative framing effect the escalation of commitment. In contrast, the educational background did not moderate the relationship between sunk cost and negative framing to the escalation of commitment.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF MAULI BANANA STEM AND BASIL LEAVES EXTRACT MIXTURE AGAINST Candida albicans

“…Tannins in basil leaves are able to shrink the fungus cell walls resulting in disturbed cell activities and stunted growth. 3,8 The hydroxyl group in the flavonoid compound from the Mauli banana stem causes changes in organic components and nutrient transport which results in toxic effect on the fungus. Flavonoids from basil leaves can inhibit fungal activity by lysing the cell walls that have been formed.…”

“…1,2 Oral candidiasis in Indonesia occurred approximately 7,098 cases in 2012 and ranked as the third most common diseases in RSGM Gusti Hasan Aman Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan from 2014-2017. 3,4 Prolonged use of antifungal drugs may trigger Candida albicans resistance. The emergence of Candida albicans resistance encourages the search for natural ingredients that may be utilized as alternative medicines in the treatment of Candida albicans infections.…”

“…Methanol extract of mauli banana stem 100% could only inhibit Candida albicans by 19 mm while 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate by 21 mm. 3,7 The aims of basil leaves extract addition to mauli banana stem extract is to increase the antifungal activity against Candida albicans because it has bioactive content such as eugenols, flavonoids, essential oils, tannins, and alkaloids which function as antifungal compounds. Basil leaves extract with 12.5% concentration may inhibit the growth of Candida albicans and the 25% concentration may kill Candida albicans.…”