The effect of strain-induced crystallization (SIC) on the physical properties of natural rubber (NR)

Toki, Shigeyuki

doi:10.1533/9780857096913.1.135

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) is a unique phenomenon, which occurs to this extent only in natural rubber (NR), making this biopolymer a very popular choice for high demanding applications like truck tires, which benefit from the outstanding mechanical strength and tear resistance of NR, related to SIC [1,2]. While temperature and strain are the main parameters governing the degree of crystallinity, its time-dependence is especially M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT critical in dynamic loading scenarios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: A diffusion-controlled rate law

Brüning

Schneider

Roth

et al. 2015

Polymer

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: A diffusion-controlled rate law

Brüning

Schneider

Roth

et al. 2015

Polymer

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“…It is considered that SIC could change the direction of crack growth, then requiring more energy to reach a failure of NR. [31] Hence, the higher SIC capability of ENR-25 results in the higher tear resistance of it than NR, while the remarkably reduced tear resistance of ENR-40 is due to its lower SIC ability. Figure 2a shows the parallel and perpendicular P-IR spectra of NR, ENR-25, and ENR-40 at strain 4.…”

Section: Natural Rubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to ref. , the calculation process of crystallinity during stretching has been described in Section S5, Supporting Information. For all three samples, as shown in Figure b, crystallization starts at approximately the same strain with ε around 3.…”

Section: Unit Cell Parameters (A B C) and Volume Of Nr Enr‐25 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tear resistance of NR, ENR‐25, and ENR‐40 (see Figure c), shows the same order of ENR‐25 > NR > ENR‐40. It is considered that SIC could change the direction of crack growth, then requiring more energy to reach a failure of NR . Hence, the higher SIC capability of ENR‐25 results in the higher tear resistance of it than NR, while the remarkably reduced tear resistance of ENR‐40 is due to its lower SIC ability.…”

Section: Unit Cell Parameters (A B C) and Volume Of Nr Enr‐25 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Epoxidation on Strain‐Induced Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber

Zhang

Niu

Song

et al. 2019

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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The effect of epoxidation on strain‐induced crystallization (SIC) of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and mechanism are studied with synchrotron radiation wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (SR‐WAXD) and polarized infrared spectroscopy (P‐IR). WAXD results reveal that appropriate epoxidation, for example, ENR‐25 epoxidized with ≈25% isoprene units, can unexpectedly enhance the SIC of natural rubber (NR), resulting in the improvement of tear resistance. On the other hand, exorbitant epoxidation, for example, ENR‐40 epoxidized with ≈40% isoprene units, depresses the SIC and weakens the mechanical properties of NR remarkably. P‐IR studies reveal that epoxidation can promote the orientation of chain segments along the stretching direction, which plays a determining role on SIC of NR. Accordingly, hierarchical multiscale schematic models are proposed. This insight into epoxidation on SIC of ENR strongly suggests that ENR with appropriate epoxidation degree is a promising candidate material for the fabrication of high‐performance engineering rubber products.

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“…Huneau published an overview of different X-ray diffraction investigations [29]. Based on the scattered light intensity, Mitchell [52] defined a crystallinity index in 1984 [9,59]. Recently, the measurement of SIC via infrared thermography has been presented by Le Cam [36], which is compared in [37] to the X-ray diffraction technique.…”

Section: Introduction and State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-induced crystallisation in natural rubber: a thermodynamically consistent model of the material behaviour using a serial connection of phases

Loos

Aydogdu

Lion

et al. 2020

Continuum Mech. Thermodyn.

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A thermodynamically consistent concept to model the strain-induced crystallisation phenomenon using a multiphase approach is discussed in Loos et al. (CMAT 32(2):501–526,2020). In this follow-up contribution, the same mechanical framework is used to construct a second model that sets the same three phases in a serial connection, demonstrating an alternative to the former parallel connection of phases. The hybrid free energy is used to derive the constitutive equations. The evaluation of the Clausius–Duhem inequality ensures thermomechanical consistency. The model is based on a one-dimensional derivation that extends with the concept of representative directions to a three-dimensional anisotropic model. After the step-by-step derivation, the performance of the model is analysed in detail, including its comparison to the well-known Flory model, its evaluation for infinite fast and slow excitations, its simulation of uniaxial cycles and its validation via relaxation experiments. Finally, the model is compared comprehensively to the former parallel model showing their equivalent reason for existence.

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The effect of strain-induced crystallization (SIC) on the physical properties of natural rubber (NR)

Cited by 12 publications

References 78 publications

Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: A diffusion-controlled rate law

Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: A diffusion-controlled rate law

The Effect of Epoxidation on Strain‐Induced Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber

Strain-induced crystallisation in natural rubber: a thermodynamically consistent model of the material behaviour using a serial connection of phases

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