The effect of stimulus duration on over-selectivity: Evidence for the role of within-compound associations.

Reynolds, Gemma; Reed, Phil

doi:10.1037/xan0000175

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(187 reference statements)

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“…Again, we observed a robust overshadowing effect in the group Trace0 (with no trace between signals and outcomes), but this cue competition effect was abolished by interposing a trace of 3 s. This result extends those observed in Experiment 3A, using widely spaced training trials (that is, increasing the ITI). As we noted before, the rodent literature suggests that spaced trials promote overshadowing (Reynolds & Reed, 2018. Crucially, using short-signals and long ITI, factors that promote cue competition, interposing a trace of 3 s consistently abolished the overshadowing effect.…”

Section: Testsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…In Experiment 3A, we observed a lack of overshadowing in the group Trace3 (with a 3 s trace between the signal and the outcome) regardless of the use of a short signal (2 s rather than the 5-s signal used in previous experiments) which is supposed to promote overshadowing (Reynolds & Reed, 2018;. Another factor that has proved to modulate the effect of Overshadowing is the distribution of trials during training.…”

Section: Experiments 3bmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Additionally, we explored the effect of two different variables. First, it has been previously reported that overshadowing is attenuated when long signals are used during training, both in rodents (Sissons et al, 2009) and in humans (Reynolds & Reed, 2018). Therefore, it could be possible that the absence of overshadowing that we observed in previous experiments resulted from the use of signals that were too long to yield significant overshadowing effects.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal and spatial contiguity are necessary for competition between events.

Herrera¹,

Alcalá²,

Tazumi³

et al. 2022

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Over the last 50 years, cue competition phenomena have shaped theoretical developments in animal and human learning. However, recent failures to observe competition effects in standard conditioning procedures, as well as the lengthy and ongoing debate surrounding cue competition in the spatial learning literature, have cast doubts on the generality of these phenomena. In the present study, we manipulated temporal contiguity between simultaneously trained predictors and outcomes (Experiments 1–4), and spatial contiguity between landmarks and goals in spatial learning ( Supplemental Experiments 1 and 2; Experiment 5 ). Across different parametric variations, we observed overshadowing when temporal and spatial contiguity were strong, but no overshadowing when contiguity was weak. Thus, across temporal and spatial domains, we observed that contiguity is necessary for competition to occur, and that competition between cues presented simultaneously during learning is absent when these cues were either spatially or temporally discontiguous from the outcome. Consequently, we advance a model in which the contiguity between events is accounted for and which explains these results and reconciles the previously contradictory findings observed in spatial learning.

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Section: Testsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Experiments 3bmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Temporal and spatial contiguity are necessary for competition between events.

Herrera¹,

Alcalá²,

Tazumi³

et al. 2022

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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show abstract

“…A further limitation is that it is unclear whether the current observations generalise to different types of compound stimuli, and whether factors like similarity, proximity, etc., play a role. Certainly, it has been suggested that within-compound associations, which would be dependent upon such factors, are implicated in the development of over-selective responding (Reynolds & Reed, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unpredictability reduces over-selective responding of individuals with ASD who have language impairments

Reed

2019

Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Background: The phenomenon whereby behavior becomes controlled by one aspect of the environment at the expense of other equally-salient aspects of the environment (stimulus over-selectivity) is extremely common in many with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the theoretical mechanisms underpinning over-selectivity and its remediation are not well understood. Four experiments explored whether principles derived from associability accounts of learning, notably the concept of uncertainty, might allow better theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Method: Participants with ASD who had language impairments received simultaneous discrimination training (AB+/CD-), and were tested in extinction regarding the degree to which the separate elements (A and B) of the previously reinforced compound (AB+) controlled behavior. Results: All experiments established the presence of over-selectivity; choosing one stimulus element to a greater-extent than the other. In Experiments 1 and 2, relative to a 100% feedback schedule, over-selectivity reduced when a 50%, but not a 25%, schedule of feedback was used. In Experiment 3, prolonged schedule exposure reduced over-selectivity. In Experiment 4, change from a 100% to a 33% schedule did not reduce over-selectivity. Conclusions: These results suggest that unpredictability, rather than variability per se, or reinforcement reduction and change, reduces over-selectivity. This suggests that attentional mechanisms, especially uncertainty, may play a role in this phenomenon during its acquisition and remediation.

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“…However, longer exposure may allow adequate processing of both categories, allowing the integration of the symbol cues. Previous work suggests that long stimuli attenuate overshadowing in rats (Sissons et al, 2009) and reduce overselectivity in humans (Reynolds & Reed, 2018). However, we are not aware of studies exploring whether the signal length is a factor determining overshadowing in humans.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Category relevance attenuates overshadowing in human predictive learning.

Alcalá

Prados

Urcelay

2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

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In situations in which multiple predictors anticipate the presence or absence of an outcome, cues compete to anticipate the outcome, resulting in a loss of associative strength compared to control conditions without additional cues. Critically, there are multiple factors modulating the magnitude and direction of such competition, although in some scenarios the effect of these factors remains unexplored. We sought to assess whether the relative salience of the elements in a compound of cues modulates the magnitude of the overshadowing effect in human predictive learning. Two separable categories (i.e., colors and symbols) were used in a predictive learning task. In Experiment 1, different groups of participants were granted with different time of exposure to a compound of cues belonging to different categories (color and symbol) to evaluate potential differences in the magnitude of overshadowing. Furthermore, we used posttest questionnaires to assess whether participants used either only one or both categories during training, and assessed if this impacted the magnitude of overshadowing. In general, overshadowing was not modulated by the time of exposition, except in the case of very short time of exposition with prominent learning about the most salient category. In Experiment 2, the relative salience of a category was biased via prior experience either with a biconditional discrimination or attending only the relevant category (either color or symbol). The previously relevant category was less prone to overshadowing, but not the alternative one. Results are discussed in light of attentional and configural theories of associative learning.

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The effect of stimulus duration on over-selectivity: Evidence for the role of within-compound associations.

Cited by 4 publications

References 57 publications

Temporal and spatial contiguity are necessary for competition between events.

Temporal and spatial contiguity are necessary for competition between events.

Unpredictability reduces over-selective responding of individuals with ASD who have language impairments

Category relevance attenuates overshadowing in human predictive learning.

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