The effect of stand density on moose damage in young <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> stands

Lyly, Olavi; Saksa, Timo

doi:10.1080/02827589209382732

Cited by 23 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We believe that this is due to the fact that we used the percentage of pines with recent damage as the response variable. A general pattern is that the absolute number of browsed/damaged trees or shoots increases with increasing food supply, whereas the proportion decreases (Lyly and Saksa 1992;Heikkilä and Härkönen 1996). As pointed out by Ball and Dahlgren (2002), this fact could be exploited in order to increase the number of undamaged pine trees at a given moose population density by increasing the number of Scots pine to 4000-5000 ha -1 in young stands, compared to recommendations of at least 1700 ha -1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The extent of browsing on young trees is depending on the density of the moose population (Bergström and Vikberg 1992;Hörnberg 2001b) although stand-or tree characteristics, such as stand density (Lyly and Saksa 1992), site productivity (Ball et al 2000), tree species composition (Danell et al 1991a;Härkönen et al 1998;Milligan and Koricheva 2013) or silvicultural treatments (Edenius et al 2002) may affect this relationship. Earlier browsing history may also be important as the browsing by moose on already browsed trees (in terms of number of browsed trees) is more common than expected from a random use (Bergqvist et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent browsing damage by moose on Scots pine, birch and aspen in young commercial forests – effects of forage availability, moose population density and site productivity

Bergqvist¹,

Bergström²,

Wallgren³

2014

Silva Fenn.

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Recent browsing damage by moose on Scots pine, birch and aspen in young commercial forests -effects of forage availability, moose population density and site productivity Bergqvist G., Bergström R., Wallgren M. (2014). Recent browsing damage by moose on Scots pine, birch and aspen in young commercial forests -effects of forage availability, moose population density and site productivity. Silva Fennica vol. 48 no. 1 article id 1077. 13 p. Highlights• Moose damage was most common on aspen and least common on Scots pine.• Damage to Scots pine increased when the amount of pine browse decreased, moose index and site index increased and when birch was overtopping pine.• Damage to birch increased when moose index increased and damage to aspen increased when the amount of pine and birch browse decreased. AbstractMoose browsing damage from the winter preceding the study (recent damage) on Scots pine, birch and aspen was examined in relation to forage availability, an index of moose population density and site productivity in young forests in the hemiboreal zone. Recent damage was observed for 4.1 ± 0.54% (mean ± SE; Scots pine), 16.8 ± 1.89% (birch) and 67.6 ± 13.76% (aspen) of the trees. A multiple regression with five independent variables explained 19% (Scots pine) 14% (birch) and 33% (aspen) of the variation in recent damage. Cover of Scots pine browse was the most important variable for predicting damage to Scots pine and accounted for 44% of the explained variation. When birch was overtopping pine there was a significant increase in damage to pine. Moose index was the only significant variable to explain recent damage to birch, and accounted for 64% of the explained variation. For aspen, damage was negatively correlated to coverage of Scots pine and birch browse, each variable accounting for 38% of the explained variation. For Scots pine, increasing the number of pines ha -1 and performing pre-commercial thinning in such a way that pines are not overtopped may be efficient ways of reducing damage proportions, whereas birch needs to be protected from moose (by a reduction of the moose population or otherwise) in order to escape damage. Increased amounts of Scots pine browse and birch browse may also reduce damage levels to aspen, according to this study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent browsing damage by moose on Scots pine, birch and aspen in young commercial forests – effects of forage availability, moose population density and site productivity

Bergqvist¹,

Bergström²,

Wallgren³

2014

Silva Fenn.

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“…The absence of such a relation could seem surprising because a negative correlation between tree density and browsing incidence was reported in several studies (Lyly and Saksa 1992;Reimoser et al 2009;Gerhardt et al 2013). For instance, a systematic literature review by Gerhardt et al (2013) revealed that naturally regenerated forests tend to be less vulnerable to browsing than artificially regenerated stands because natural forests are characterised by higher tree density than artificial stands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deer browsing has been found to be inversely correlated with tree density (Lyly and Saksa 1992;Reimoser et al 2009;Gerhardt et al 2013). Therefore, we hypothesised that the percentage of browsed oak saplings will be inversely correlated with oak tree density (Hypothesis 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young conifer stands form a deer browsing refuge for an oak admixture: silvicultural implications for forest regeneration under herbivore pressure

Borkowski

Dobrowolska

Dąbrowski³

et al. 2017

Eur J Forest Res

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There is little knowledge how ungulate pressure on forest regeneration may be mitigated by silvicultural methods. The knowledge is especially needed for artificially regenerated, deciduous tree species. We studied factors affecting browsing incidence by deer in the Pisz Forest District in Poland, an area where 10,000 ha of forest was damaged by a 2002 hurricane. In 2006, we established three experimental plots (in total, 22.6 ha), in which the main species was Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) admixed with pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). The data on browsing were collected in 2008-2015. In general, oak browsing incidence was unrelated to oak planting density. On a plantation scale, it was significantly affected by the pine age. Although in each variant all the oaks were browsed for four consecutive years (2009)(2010)(2011)(2012), in 2013 browsing incidence began to decrease. When the pines grew higher and formed a physical barrier, it was harder for deer-roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and moose (Alces alces)-to move through and locate the oaks. Moreover, within plantations, oak browsing incidence was higher in the patches with shorter pines.Browsing of individual saplings or small groups of saplings was also negatively affected by the height of neighbouring pine saplings. Oak density influenced deer selectivity depending on the tree height. In a low oak tree density, browsing incidence was unrelated to oak height, while in higher tree density, deer selected oaks of the height between 40 and 100 cm. We postulate that deciduous admixture in a coniferous (unattractive) stand can be planted with a few year delay. Older coniferous trees should impede locating of attractive tree species by deer and the browsing incidence.

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“…stand density (Lyly & Saksa, 1992) other silvicultural treatments (Edenius et al, 2002;Deal et al, 2003), play an important role. Therefore, it was not possible to determine a critical density of ungulates when protection of the pruned trees is essential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pruning effect on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growth and quality

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Pruning requires signifi cant investment, therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize occlusion of branch wounds and changes in radial increment as well as frequency of browsing damages after pruning of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in order to provide data for fi nancial calculations and recommendations for practical forestry. Altogether 1,614 pruned and 4,368 unpruned trees from 45 Norway spruce stands were measured and cored. Degree of wound occlusion and browsing damages were assessed, and additional volume increment estimated in each stand. Pruning resulted in signifi cant increase of length of branch-free section: for unpruned trees it was 0.3 ± 0.07 m, but for pruned 3.4 ± 0.10 m. Branch wounds for most of the trees (68%) were fi lled with resin (occluded), for lower share of trees (31%) -still open, but for some trees (1%) completely occluded. Branch wound occlusion rate was not affected by differences in stand density, but was signifi cantly affected by stand age: proportion of trees with occluded branch scars increased with age. Trees with occluded branch wounds had a signifi cantly higher increase in tree ring width after the pruning in comparison to the period before pruning than trees with open branch wounds, emphasizing the importance of radial increment in development of branch-free layer of wood. Pruning resulted in minor (-7% or -0.28 ± 0.05 m 3 ha -1) reduction of annual increment that was statistically signifi cant only up to 3 years after this forest management activity for stands younger than 17 years and with mean height up to 10.5 m. Pruned trees were signifi cantly more browsed than unpruned (6.1% and 2.7%, respectively).

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The effect of stand density on moose damage in young Pinus sylvestris stands

Cited by 23 publications

References 13 publications

Recent browsing damage by moose on Scots pine, birch and aspen in young commercial forests – effects of forage availability, moose population density and site productivity

Recent browsing damage by moose on Scots pine, birch and aspen in young commercial forests – effects of forage availability, moose population density and site productivity

Young conifer stands form a deer browsing refuge for an oak admixture: silvicultural implications for forest regeneration under herbivore pressure

Pruning effect on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growth and quality

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