The effect of sodium hypochlorite on potential pathogenic traits of Candida albicans and other Candida species

Abstract

Strains of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida kefyr, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida guilliermondii were grown in the presence or absence of concentrations of sodium hypochlorite below the minimal inhibitory concentration and tested for a range of characteristics that may be associated with pathogenicity. Sodium hypochlorite is used routinely in hospitals in Australia for disinfection procedures, and these experiments were designed to assess the efficacy of hypochlorite as a sterilizing agent for acrylic dentures. Candida showed varying abilities to adhere to surfaces that may be present in the oral cavity. Sodium hypochlorite reduced the adhesion of all C. albicans strains and most other Candida species to both polystyrene and buccal epithelial cells. A biofilm of Streptococcus gordonii reduced the adhesion of most C. albicans strains and most other Candida species to polystyrene. However, Candida species were able to coaggregate with S. gordonii in suspension, with one strain of C. albicans, GDH 2346, showing greater coaggregating ability than the other strains or species. Sodium hypochlorite increased coaggregation of all C. albicans strains and most other Candida species. Examination of cell wall proteins from strains of C. albicans and a strain of C. parapsilosis showed that growth in hypochlorite increased the amount of protein in some existing bands and, in one strain of C. albicans, increased the number of detectable protein bands ranging from 56 to 26 kDa. Only 4 strains of C. albicans were able to produce hyphae, and 3 of these same strains and C. parapsilosis were able to produce proteinase. Hypochlorite increased the rate of blastospore to hyphal transition but had no effect on proteinase production or activity. It is concluded that hypochlorite at a concentration below the minimal inhibitory concentration may function as an anti-adhesin for Candida species but may not affect their more pathogenic characteristics.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate on Candida albicans adherence to thermally activated acrylic resin

“…However, this type of prosthesis, which is basically confectioned with thermally activated acrylic resin, constitutes a favorable environment for the colonization and proliferation of Candida genus yeasts, since these microorganisms have the ability to strongly adhere to polymethylmethacrylate, which constitutes the acrylic resin. 1,2 This phenomenon, in association with factors such as trauma, diet, poor hygiene or predisposing systemic conditions (xerostomia, hormonal alterations and immunodepression caused by diabetes mellitus or HIV infection), may lead complete denture users to develop a condition known as denture stomatitis. [3][4][5][6][7] This condition is clinically characterized by a discrete focal inflammation on the palatum, which can evolve to an intense erythema in all area covered by the denture and, in some cases, to papillary hyperplasia.…”

“…1,2 This phenomenon, in association with factors such as trauma, diet, poor hygiene or predisposing systemic conditions (xerostomia, hormonal alterations and immunodepression caused by diabetes mellitus or HIV infection), may lead complete denture users to develop a condition known as denture stomatitis. [3][4][5][6][7] This condition is clinically characterized by a discrete focal inflammation on the palatum, which can evolve to an intense erythema in all area covered by the denture and, in some cases, to papillary hyperplasia. 6 According to Daniluk et al 5 (2006), Candida genus yeasts can be isolated from the human oral cavity in 64.9% of patients with denture stomatitis, being Candida albicans the most prevalent species (78.4%).…”

“…In fact, studies have shown that regardless of the presence of clinical symptoms, Candida albicans is more prevalent in complete denture users than in the general population. 2,5,8 This condition makes complete denture users more susceptible to the development of other forms of candidosis when submitted to conditions that might lead to a disequilibrium in the oral microbiota, such as usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics, anti-histamines, chemo-or radiotherapy. The presence of conditions that cause reduction in salivary flow, including diabetes mellitus, drug usage, poor nutrition and advanced age, for instance, may also cause oral microbiota disequilibrium.…”

Vinegar as an antimicrobial agent for control of Candida spp. in complete denture wearers

“…In addition to this, Candida cells seem to have affinity with denture acrylic 23 , favoring the adhesion of epithelial cells to the oral mucosa and the onset of denture stomatitis 29 . Denture use can thus be related to the presence of Candida, which can be associated with the severity of denture-induced stomatitis, as observed in this study.…”

Comparison of Candida sp. Colonies in Gargling-volume Culture from Subject Wearers of Heat-cured and Selfcured Acrylic Resin Removable Partial Dentures

“…7 Some other factors, such as physiological conditions, nutritional deficiencies, 5,6 hematinics, 4 diabetes mellitus, 1,4,5,8 and the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 6 Denture-related stomatitis associated with Candida is the most common form of candidiasis, 9 which is of about 60 to 65% in a subject wearing denture. 10 The results of a study in 2007 had shown greater number of Candida (66.7-73.3%) in denture-wearer subjects of 40 to 59 years old compared with nonwearer denture subjects (39.3-34.1%).…”