The Effect of Smoking on Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Patients With Graves Ophthalmopathy

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of cigarette smoking on oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial biogenesis related parameters in patients Graves Ophthalmopathy (GO). Methods: Patients with moderate-to-severe GO according to the European Group on Graves Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) criteria were prospectively enrolled in this study. Age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers who applied to outpatient clinic due to refractive problems consisted the control group. Participants were divided into 4 groups based on their diagnosis and smoking status: group 1 (n = 30) smoker GO patients, group 2 (n = 30) nonsmoker GO patients, group 3 (n = 30) smoker healthy controls, and group 4 (n = 30) nonsmoker healthy controls. In the sera, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status and OS index values, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α, mitochondrial transcriptional factor A levels, and paraoxonase-1 enzyme activity were evaluated. Results: Total oxidant status and OS index values were the highest in group 1 compared to other groups (p = 0.031, p = 0.042; respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in total antioxidant status and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α levels among the groups (p = 0.521, p = 0.388; respectively). Paraoxonase-1 enzyme activity was the lowest in group 1 and highest in group 4 (p = 0.024). The levels of mitochondrial transcriptional factor A was the lowest in group 1 compared to other groups (p = 0.012). Conclusions: Cigarette smoking in GO patients seems to be a risk factor that increases OS, and therefore, it may have an unfavorable impact on the mitochondrial biogenesis.

The effect of thyroid hormone status on selected antioxidant parameters in patients with Graves’ disease and active thyroid-associated orbitopathy

“…To date, only one study has been published to assess the PON-1 activity in euthyroid patients with GD and TAO. It demonstrated significantly lower PON-1 activity in subjects with TAO as compared to controls, with euthyroid state not affecting PON-1 activity levels [44]. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study to assess the serum PON-1 activity in patients with GD and TAO depending on their thyroid hormone status.…”

The Role of Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

“…Czarnywojtek et al suggested the concentration of urine cotinine as a quantitative and qualitative indicator of tobacco smoking, which was found to be associated with the exacerbation of ophthalmopathy in patients with GD [ 45 ]. Yoksel et al reported that the total oxidant status and oxidative stress index values were higher in patients with GO who smoked compared with either patients with GO who did not smoke or healthy controls [ 46 ]. Tsai et al also found that smokers had higher urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyquanosine (8-OHdG) than never smokers in patients with GO [ 18 ].…”

Endocrine Disorders in Autoimmune Rheumatological Diseases: A Focus on Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases and on the Effects of Chronic Glucocorticoid Treatment

“…Moreover, it has been deeply studied that the toxicants contained in cigarette smoke can cause a relevant genetic damage by increasing the oxidative stress and an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune response [72][73][74]. As a result, in smokers autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Graves' disease are more frequent and severe [75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83].…”