“…Since the correction scheme of GHOST is simple and general enough to be implemented on any type of e-beam lithography systems, its application was further extended with various patterns and e-beam parameter settings [37,46,47,50,52,53,54,70]. Watson et al later improved GHOST by applying the pattern exposure and the correction exposure at the same time to eliminate the throughput drawback of the direct-write GHOST [74,87].…”