The effect of reinforcer magnitude on probability and delay discounting of experienced outcomes in a computer game task in humans

Greenhow, Anna Karin; Hunt, Maree; Macaskill, Anne C.; Harper, David N.

doi:10.1002/jeab.166

Cited by 14 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…Comparing inter-temporal and risky choices, amount appears to matter more in an inter-temporal setting. This pattern is consistent with observations from previous research on delay and probability discounting showing that changes in amount magnitude have a larger effect in an inter-temporal than a risky choice setting (see Greenhow, Hunt, Macaskill, & Harper, 2015;Myerson, Green, Scott Hanson, Holt, & Estle, 2003;Yi et al, 2006). For the particular set of delays, probabilities, and amounts we used, a comparison of the relative importance of probability and delay across choice settings (i.e., logit regression coefficients and model parameters) indicates that probability may have a larger effect on choice compared to delay.…”

Section: Choice Behavior In Inter-temporal and Risky Settingssupporting

confidence: 93%

Now for sure or later with a risk? Modeling risky intertemporal choice as accumulated preference.

Konstantinidis¹,

Ravenzwaaij²,

Güney³

et al. 2020

Decision

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Research on risky and inter-temporal decision-making often focuses on descriptive models of choice. This class of models sometimes lack a psychological process account of how different cognitive processes give rise to choice behavior. Here, we attempt to decompose these processes using sequential accumulator modeling (i.e., the Linear Ballistic Accumulator model; LBA). Participants were presented with pairs of gambles that either involve different levels of probability or delay (Experiment 1) or a combination of these dimensions (both probability and delay; Experiment 2). Response times (RTs) were recorded as a measure of preferential strength. We then combined choice data and response times, and utilized variants of the LBA to explore different assumptions about how preferences are formed. Specifically we show that a model which allows for the subjective evaluation of a fixed now/certain option to change as a function of the delayed/risky option with which it is paired provides the best account of the combined choice and RT data. The work highlights the advantages of using cognitive process models in risky and inter-temporal choice, and points towards a common framework for understanding how people evaluate time and probability.

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Section: Choice Behavior In Inter-temporal and Risky Settingssupporting

confidence: 93%

Now for sure or later with a risk? Modeling risky intertemporal choice as accumulated preference.

Konstantinidis¹,

Ravenzwaaij²,

Güney³

et al. 2020

Decision

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“…The selection of IGD was based on Young's online internet addiction test (IAT) (Polezzi et al, 2008 ; Grant et al, 2010 ) scores of 50 or higher and at the same time, reach the criteria of the proposed 9-items IGD diagnostic scale based on DSM-V (Petry and O'Brien, 2013 ; Dong et al, 2015 ; Greenhow et al, 2015 ). Young's IAT consists of 20 items associated with online internet use including psychological dependence, compulsive use, withdrawal, related problems in school or work, sleep, family or time management.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Activity toward Gaming-Related Cues in Internet Gaming Disorder during an Addiction Stroop Task

et al. 2016

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Background and Aims: Attentional bias for drug-related stimuli is a key characteristic for drug addiction. Characterizing the relationship between attentional bias and brain reactivity to Internet gaming-related stimuli may help in identifying the neural substrates that critical to Internet gaming disorder (IGD).Methods: 19 IGD and 21 healthy control (HC) subjects were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they were performing an addiction Stroop task.Results: Compared with HC group, IGD subjects showed higher activations when facing Internet gaming-related stimuli in regions including the inferior parietal lobule, the middle occipital gyrus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These brain areas were thought to be involved in selective attention, visual processing, working memory and cognitive control.Discussion and Conclusions: The results demonstrated that compared with HC group, IGD subjects show impairment in both visual and cognitive control ability while dealing with gaming-related words. This finding might be helpful in understanding the underlying neural basis of IGD.

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“…Human participants typically discount hypothetical outcomes (most commonly money) while nonhuman animals experience real outcomes (e.g., food and water). Recently, studies with humans have attempted to remedy several of these differences by manipulating real liquid rewards (Jimura, Myerson, Hilgard, Braver, & Green, 2009;McClure, Ericson, Laibson, Loewenstein, & Cohen, 2007) and points earned in real time (Greenhow et al, 2015). Interestingly, participants in these studies discounted real primary reinforcers across a matter of seconds much like nonhuman animal subjects in analogous discounting studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, humans can be given instructions expediting this process. Furthermore, other than the lack of instructions given, adjusting‐amount procedures are similar between humans and nonhuman animals (Greenhow, Hunt, Macaskill, & Harper, ) with the most notable difference being the reinforcers used. Human participants typically discount hypothetical outcomes (most commonly money) while nonhuman animals experience real outcomes (e.g., food and water).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, Johnson and Bickel () reported a magnitude effect with humans for real and hypothetical money at a ratio of 1:2.5. Further, research has shown a magnitude effect is present when human participants discount real secondary reinforcers (points) at a ratio of 1:5 (Greenhow et al, ) and real liquid rewards at a ratio of 1:2 (Jimura et al, ). These results suggest that differences regarding the magnitude effect between humans and nonhuman animals may not be attributable to the reinforcer ratio.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Delay discounting in the pigeon: In search of a magnitude effect

Holt

Wolf

2019

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The magnitude effect, where larger outcomes are discounted proportionally less than smaller outcomes, is a well‐established phenomenon in delay discounting by human participants. To this point in the literature magnitude effects have not been reliably evidenced in nonhuman animals. , however, used a concurrent‐chains arrangement with pigeon and found evidence for a magnitude effect. Grace et al. suggested that in many delay discounting experimental arrangements with nonhuman animals (e.g., adjusting amount, adjusting delay) the organism is not given the opportunity to directly compare outcomes of different sizes. They suggest that because of the lack of direct comparison it is difficult for the organism to determine the relative size of each outcome, which in turn mutes the effect of the amount differences between outcomes. As a test of this “comparison hypothesis,” the present experiment was conducted to assess whether the magnitude effect would be evidenced in pigeon when using an adjusting amount procedure where outcomes of different amounts were presented proximally. In the present arrangement, pigeons were presented two choice panels in an operant chamber where each panel was associated with an independent adjusting amount delay discounting task, but with differing outcome amounts (i.e., a 32‐food pellet panel and an 8‐food pellet panel). In this arrangement the choice panels alternated in their availability within a session from trial block to trial block. The present findings indicate no reliable effect of amount, even when the outcomes were proximal and thus readily comparable. This result suggests that the lack of magnitude effect is not driven by the organism's ability to compare the difference in amount between choice alternatives.

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The effect of reinforcer magnitude on probability and delay discounting of experienced outcomes in a computer game task in humans

Cited by 14 publications

References 44 publications

Now for sure or later with a risk? Modeling risky intertemporal choice as accumulated preference.

Now for sure or later with a risk? Modeling risky intertemporal choice as accumulated preference.

Brain Activity toward Gaming-Related Cues in Internet Gaming Disorder during an Addiction Stroop Task

Delay discounting in the pigeon: In search of a magnitude effect

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