The Effect of Protein and Energy on the Potassium Requirement of the Chick

Leach, R. M.; Dam, R. Michael van; Zeigler, T. R.; Norris, L. C.

doi:10.1093/jn/68.1.89

Cited by 36 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Evidently these results indicate a relationship between the ionic concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate and carbonate, thus confirming the observations reported by Nesheim et al (1964). Various investigators reported that optimum chick growth occurs with dietary levels of 0.12-0.30% chloride (Burns et al, 1953;Leach and Nesheim, 1963); of 0.07% sulfate (Ross and Harms, 1970); of 0.11-0.30% sodium (Burns et al, 1953;McWard and Scott, 1961;Nott and Combs, 1969); and of 0.3% potassium (Leach et al, 1959;Rinehart et al, 1969). Any deviations from these dietary requirements alter the optimal levels of the ions to maintain the proper balance.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 86%

Effect of Mineral Mixture Composition on Chick Growth and Intestinal pH’s

Miller

Soares

1972

Poultry Science

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Three experiments were conducted with growing chicks (1) to determine the optimum level of chloride necessary for the bioassay of protein quality of fish meals as the sole source of dietary protein, (2) to study the interrelation of high levels of sodium and potassium with the level of chloride and sulfate, and (3) to determine the effect of these ionic changes on the pH of the contents in different portions of the intestines.The results indicate that fish meals when fed as sole source protein to chicks require very low dietary supplements of chloride or none at all to maximize growth.High levels of chloride in dietary mineral mixtures depress chick growth and can be overcome by increasing the sodium level. The growth depression due to high chloride level is aggravated if the sodium content is low and the potassium is high. A balance between dietary sodium and potassium levels must be maintained and also between these cations and the chloride content.No relationship was observed between the growth responses and the pH's of the intestinal contents of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Evidently other factors are involved in the growth depression due to excessive dietary chloride level.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 86%

Effect of Mineral Mixture Composition on Chick Growth and Intestinal pH’s

Miller

Soares

1972

Poultry Science

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“…Burns et al (1953) reported that the requirement was from .23 to .4% of the diet depending on the growth rate of the chick. Leach et al (1958) concluded that the K requirement of the chick increased when a high protein, high energy diet was fed. Robbins et al (1982) reported maximum gain between .21 and .24%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium Balance of the 5 to 8-Week-Old Broiler Exposed to Constant Heat or Cycling High Temperature Stress and the Effects of Supplemental Potassium Chloride on Body Weight Gain and Feed Efficiency

1987

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Four experiments were conducted to study the impact of ambient temperature and relative humidity stress upon K excretion and the effects of KCl supplementation of broilers exposed to chronic heat and cycling temperature stress. Potassium excretion, corrected for K intake and body weight, increased by 633% as ambient temperature was elevated from a constant 24 C to a constant 35 C. Feed (.73% K) and drinking water (0% K) were supplemented with KCl so effects of KCl on live weight gain and feed efficiency could be evaluated. In a previous study at thermoneutral temperature, no benefit of supplemental KCl was observed whereas in this study a dietary level of 1.5 to 2% K in the form of KCl improved gain under conditions of chronic high ambient temperature stress. This equals about 1.8 to 2.3 g K per chick daily or about .24 to .3% of the drinking water.

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“…For growing chicks the K requirement was increased from 0.20 to 0.24 to 0.30% RDA (1989) "Expressed as per unit animal feed either on as fed (approximately 90% dry matter) or dry basis (see Appendix Table I). Human requirements expressed as g or mg/day, when high-energy diets were used (Leach et al, 1959)and up to 0.60 to 0.70% when the diet contained excessive amounts of chlorides (Nesheim et al, 1964). Growth rate in young pigs consuming a low K diet was inhibited when dietary Cl was increased from 0.03 to 0.60% (NRC, 1998).…”

Section: Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sauveur and Mongin (1978) showed that a dietary deficiency of Na in laying hens (0.05% Na) was aggravated by restriction of Cl to 0.08% and was partly compensated for by increasing the dietary K from 0.7 to 1.2%. A relationship between K requirement and protein was established (Leach et al, 1959) for chicks, with the K requirement increased as dietary protein is increased.…”

Section: Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium

McDowell

2003

Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition

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The Effect of Protein and Energy on the Potassium Requirement of the Chick

Cited by 36 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of Mineral Mixture Composition on Chick Growth and Intestinal pH’s

Effect of Mineral Mixture Composition on Chick Growth and Intestinal pH’s

Potassium Balance of the 5 to 8-Week-Old Broiler Exposed to Constant Heat or Cycling High Temperature Stress and the Effects of Supplemental Potassium Chloride on Body Weight Gain and Feed Efficiency

Potassium

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