The Effect of Perceived Cooperation on Personal Space Requirements

The impact of perceived crowding on customer satisfaction

“…More often, it does not affect them to the same extent, and they still feel very comfortable with the situation. This confirms prior studies that found overall females tend to be more critical than males about crowding (Alexander et al, 2015;Jin & Pearce, 2011;Sinha & Mukherjee, 1996).…”

“…For instance, gender differences were found with men reporting higher crowding tolerances than women under high-density conditions (Eroglu & Machleit, 1990;Yildirim & Akalin-Baskaya, 2007). Sinha and Mukherjee (1996) showed that in stores, females had larger personal space requirements and a decreased tolerance for crowding. On the contrary, Stokols, Rall, Pinner, and Schopler, (1973) and Evans, Saegert, and Harris (2001) stated that males perceive crowding more and are affected more negatively than females.…”

Consequences of Perceived Crowding: A Meta-Analytical Perspective

“…The interpretation of the crowded context depends upon the attributions made to the arousal caused by crowding, such that the consequent effects are more negative if the violation of personal space caused by crowding is attributed to others (Worchel and Teddlie 1976). Sinha and Mukherjee (1996) also showed that there is greater tolerance for crowding when there is higher cooperation among the occupants of a physical space. Thus: H5:…”

Different neural activations for an approaching friend versus stranger: Linking personal space to numerical cognition

“…Personal space is thought to be important for the regulation of an individual's interactions with others in interpersonal, as well as in cultural, contexts (e.g., Aiello, Nicosia, & Thompson, 1979; Albert & Dabbs, 1970; Feeney, 1999; Kaitz, Bar‐Haim, Lehrer, & Grossman, 2004; Lloyd, 2009; Sinha & Mukherjee, 1996). For example, Perry and colleagues (Perry, Rubinsten, Peled, & Shamay‐Tsoory, 2013) found that adults coping with social anxiety report feeling discomfort earlier than others in social engagements, and hence, choose to remain further away from other people.…”