The effect of pedalling cadence on respiratory frequency: passive vs. active exercise of different intensities

Girardi, Michele; Nicolò, Andrea; Bazzucchi, Ilenia; Felici, Francesco; Sacchetti, Massimo

doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04533-z

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Photonic devices, which use photons as data carriers, are capable of high speed and capacity, and low power loss [14]. The development of an all-optical common-sense era is needed for a wide range of all-optical network services, including high-speed all-optical packet routing and optical encryption [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Efficient 32 Bit Adder Using Tree Grafting Technique

Gowrishankar¹,

Kumar²

2023

Intelligent Automation &Amp; Soft Computing

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Adder with high efficiency and accuracy is the major requirement for electronic circuit design. Here the optical logic gate based adder circuit is designed for better performance analysis of optical input signals varied with the wavelength. Efficiency of the adder can be improved by increasing the speed of operation, reducing the complexity and power consumption. To maintain the high efficiency with accuracy, a new combination of adder has been proposed and tested in this work. A new adder by combining the logics of Brent Kung, Sklansky and Kogge Stone adders by Tree Grafting Technique (BSKTGT) has been tested along with individual Brent Kung, Sklansky, Kogge Stone, Knowles, Han Carlson and Ladner Fischer adders. All the existing and proposed adders have been designed and tested for efficiency with the help of Cadence platform with 45 nm technology. Efficiency in terms of Size reduction, Power reduction, Power Delay Product (PDP) and accuracy in adding 8 bit, 16 bit and 32 bit values had been tested for all the adders and found that the 32 bit BSKTGT adder performed well in all aspects and have produced better efficiency with the power consumption of 52.512426 μW with 3.16% of power saving over Brent Kung adder, utilised an area of 631.191 with 8.55% reduction over Kogge Stone Adder, has the cell count of 132 which is 10.61% reduction over Brent Kung Adder and PDP value of 122.6695 J, which is 0.46% less than that of the Han Carlson Adder.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Efficient 32 Bit Adder Using Tree Grafting Technique

Gowrishankar¹,

Kumar²

2023

Intelligent Automation &Amp; Soft Computing

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“…Music may also affect the motor drive to the locomotor muscles—and the muscle afferent feedback—by favoring a change in the locomotor rhythm [ 37 , 38 ]. Variations in the locomotor rhythm may affect f R both via modulations of central command and muscle afferent feedback, although the latter may provide a greater relative contribution to f R at low to moderate intensities [ 39 ]. Any change in the locomotor rhythm may also affect the metabolic rate [ 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variations in the locomotor rhythm may affect f R both via modulations of central command and muscle afferent feedback, although the latter may provide a greater relative contribution to f R at low to moderate intensities [ 39 ]. Any change in the locomotor rhythm may also affect the metabolic rate [ 39 , 40 ]. Hence, we anticipate that music may have an indirect ‘metabolic’ effect on physiological responses, although its influence on f R is not expected to be substantial, with f R being largely driven by non-metabolic inputs [ 2 , 5 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have anticipated above how pedaling cadence may provide some information on the contribution of muscle afferent feedback to f R regulation, especially during moderate exercise. However, other inputs may underly the effect of cadence on f R [ 39 ], which suggests caution when interpreting the effect of music on pedaling cadence and physiological variables. Further information can be retrieved using valid scales measuring sensations associated with emotions, arousal, or central command.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, while Karageorghis and colleagues [ 26 , 27 ] merely account for the ratio between the music tempo and the locomotor rhythm, our approach evaluates whether the effect of music influences the development of each pedaling revolution. The music-locomotor entrainment tool may also help assess how music tempo affects locomotor-breathing entrainment, which is a phenomenon that has been investigated extensively in the field of exercise physiology [ 39 , 48 ]. The locomotor-breathing entrainment tool evaluates whether single breaths are entrained by the locomotor rhythm, and some studies suggest that acoustic cues may facilitate locomotor-breathing coupling [ 46 , 49 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

How to Investigate the Effect of Music on Breathing during Exercise: Methodology and Tools

Innocenti

Nicolò

Massaroni

et al. 2022

Sensors

Self Cite

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Music is an invaluable tool to improve affective valence during exercise, with the potential contribution of a mechanism called rhythmic entrainment. However, several methodological limitations impair our current understanding of the effect of music on relevant psychophysiological responses to exercise, including breathing variables. This study presents conceptual, methodological, and operational insight favoring the investigation of the effect of music on breathing during exercise. Three tools were developed for the quantification of the presence, degree, and magnitude of music-locomotor, locomotor-breathing, and music-breathing entrainment. The occurrence of entrainment was assessed during 30 min of moderate cycling exercise performed either when listening to music or not, and was complemented by the recording of relevant psychophysiological and mechanical variables. Respiratory frequency and expiratory time were among the physiological variables that were affected to a greater extent by music during exercise, and a significant (p < 0.05) music-breathing entrainment was found in all 12 participants. These findings suggest the importance of evaluating the effect of music on breathing responses to exercise, with potential implications for exercise prescription and adherence, and for the development of wearable devices simultaneously measuring music, locomotor, and breathing signals.

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Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during exercise

Nicolò

Sacchetti

2022

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The effect of pedalling cadence on respiratory frequency: passive vs. active exercise of different intensities

Cited by 13 publications

References 51 publications

Analysis of Efficient 32 Bit Adder Using Tree Grafting Technique

Analysis of Efficient 32 Bit Adder Using Tree Grafting Technique

How to Investigate the Effect of Music on Breathing during Exercise: Methodology and Tools

Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during exercise

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