“…Parenting self-efficacy is a belief that one can successfully parent a child, which affects one's willingness to take on the role of their child's first teacher (Elizabeth et al, 2017). This aspect consists of intrinsic learning motivation and parent involvement in learning, discipline, togetherness with parents, emotional and physical demands, learning pattern and facility, caring, and exhibit positive attitudes (Yang et al, 2018;Ningrum, 2016;Coleman & Karraker, 2008;Theresya et al, 2018;Young & Young, 2011) and describe related concepts such as self-concept of ability and parental competence (Whyte, 2015). Parent-child interactions, responsiveness, and parental involvement (Hughes, 2019).…”