The Effect of Parenting and the Parent-Child Relationship on a Child's Cognitive Development: A Literature Review

Abstract

Various studies have been done on subjects such as parenting, parent-child relationships, parenting style, effortful parenting, the concept of parenting, the cognitive development of children, and the cognition of parents. This research is mainly based on parenting practice, child development, and maturation. Children's cognitive development starts in the first year of life and then progresses gradually. Children require positive parenting in painful and different situations. Parenting gives a child the confidence to face crucial, challenging problems. Sensitive parenting and caregiving are required for the child's maturity and cognitive development. Media has been observed to be essential in improving parenting practices. Children exhibit internalizing and externalizing symptoms as a result of harsh, aggressive, and intrusive parenting. According to the data, it is seen that the risk of depression increases in adolescence. The main reason for the rise in depression in children is the non-cooperation and support of mothers and fathers. The risk of depression decreases in children whose mothers and fathers are cooperative and supportive. While family and social stress increase the chances of depression in children, a negative parenting style means children face family and social anxiety. Due to the high level of hostile parenting and low level of positive parenting, they experience stress, peer pressure, and social and family relationship problems. Another excellent term for effortful control parenting is required for children's cognitive development. Parenting is necessary for the regulation of emotions and behavior. There are many problems seen in infancy, early childhood, and late childhood. There are four types of parenting styles seen: authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting/controlling parenting, permissive parenting/indulgent parenting, and uninvolved parenting/neglecting to parent. Good parenting requires one to know the concept of good parenting, the idea of parenting, the importance of parenting and children's needs, the components of parenting, and the consequences of parenting.

Parenting style and children emotion management skills among Chinese children aged 3–6: the chain mediation effect of self-control and peer interactions

“…Third, the present study also found a mediating effect of peer interactions between parenting style and emotion management skills, where authoritative parenting style could improve children’s emotion management skills by influencing their peer interactions. This finding is consistent with national and international research that higher levels of peer interactions are associated with authoritative parenting ( Bornstein and Bornstein, 2007 ; Morris et al, 2021 ; Lanjekar et al, 2022 ), suggesting that peer interactions play an important mediating role in the way parenting styles influence children’s emotion management skills. Authoritative parenting styles contribute positively to children’s peer interactions in a study of the relationship between effortful control and character anger in Chinese children, and that higher peer interactions enhances children’s good social adjustment function and cultivates individual pro-sociality and a sense of collective responsibility ( Zhou et al, 2004 ).…”

Screening and determinant of suspected developmental delays among Egyptian preschool-aged children: a cross-sectional national community-based study

“…Regarding the age distribution, in the current study children aged 3- 6 years who represented nearly two-thirds of the study sample, were the most likely to be significantly diagnosed with any DD than the younger group (1–3 years). Children aged 3–6 years are subjected to many risk factors such as; familial violence, lack of stimulating environment [ 71 ], chronic malnutrition with decreased immunity [ 72 ], and increased vulnerability to diseases [ 73 , 74 ] due to defective weaning procedures or the unhealthy dietary behavior. Another explanation could be, developmental delay being more noticeable and overt in this age group as compared to younger children .…”

Anhedonia and Daily Emotional Experiences Among Mothers of Preschool Children: An Experiential Sampling Study

“…While previous studies have examined the effects of parental anhedonia on adolescent children, early childhood is also a critical period in which high parent-child relationship quality predicts positive child developmental outcomes in several domains (Elicker et l., 1992;Lanjekar et al, 2022). In this study, we focused on associations between anhedonia and daily emotional and parenting experiences among parents of young children.…”