“…We excluded 41 because they did not have video or multimedia as their independent variable (e.g., reflective e-journals only; Chang & Lin, 2014). Other reasons for exclusion included the following: 22 because students were not in college or university (e.g., high school students; Beydogan & Hayran, 2015); nine had confounded designs with more than video as an independent variable (e.g., flipped classrooms; Albalawi, 2018); eight did not report an achievement outcome (e.g., feelings of stigma only; Fernandez et al, 2016); eight were reviews (e.g., Tularam & Machisella, 2018); and two were duplicates of included studies (O’Donovan et al, 2016; Sayed & Abdelmonem, 2018). This left a combined total of 105 studies and a pooled sample size of 7,776 students.…”