The Effect of Menopause on the Metabolic Syndrome Among Korean Women

Abstract

OBJECTIVE -This study examined the effect of menopausal status on the risk of the metabolic syndrome in Korean women. RESULTS -Postmenopausal women had significantly higher mean waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels than premenopausal women after adjusting for age (P ϭ 0.018, P ϭ 0.001, P Ͻ 0.0001, P Ͻ 0.0001, P Ͻ 0.0001, and P ϭ 0.006, respectively). Among postmenopausal women, the ageadjusted odds ratio was 1.61 (95% CI 1.15-2.25) for abdominal obesity, 1.11 (0.76 -1.61) for elevated blood pressure, 1.24 (0.90 -1.72) for low HDL cholesterol, 1.28 (0.89 -1.83) for high triglycerides, and 1.07 (0.69 -1.65) for high fasting glucose compared with premenopausal women. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for the metabolic syndrome was 1.60 (95% CI 1.04 -2.46) among postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSCONCLUSIONS -Postmenopausal status is associated with an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome independent of normal aging in Korean women. Diabetes Care 30:701-706, 2007S troke and coronary artery disease were major causes of death among Korean women in 2004, second only to malignant diseases (1). Ischemic heart disease is more common in Korean women aged Ͼ50 years than in Korean men of the same age-group (2). Menopause appears to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) independently of normal aging, and premenopausal women may be protected against CVD compared with men and postmenopausal women of a similar age (3).The metabolic syndrome is one of the major predisposing factors for CVD, and the population-attributable fraction of the metabolic syndrome has been reported to be 12-17% for CVD in the U.S. (4). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increases with age in both men and women. From young (Ն20 years) to middle age (Ͻ50 years), Korean men tend to have a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome than Korean women. However, Korean women have a higher prevalence than Korean men above the age of 50 years (5,6). It has been suggested that menopause is a contributing factor for this change in prevalence (6). A study in the U.S. demonstrated an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal women (7). To our knowledge, there have been few studies on the effect of menopause on the development of the metabolic syndrome independent of age, and little information is available on an association between the metabolic syndrome and menopausal status in Korean women. This study examined the difference in the prevalence of the cardiovascular risk factors between postmenopausal and premenopausal women and assessed the effect of menopausal status on the metabolic syndrome in Korean women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -The Korean NationalHealth and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2001. The participants were noninstitutionalized civilians in the Republic of Korea. The sampling units were households selec...

Prevalência de síndrome metabólica e seus componentes na transição menopáusica: uma revisão sistemática

“…No entanto, entre 20 e 50 anos de idade, os homens apresentam uma maior prevalência de síndrome metabólica; a partir dos 50 anos, a prevalência torna-se maior entre as mulheres. Sugere-se que a fase da transição menopáusica possa ser um determinante importante no aumento dessa prevalência 8 .…”

“…Na Coreia do Sul, o aumento da prevalên-cia de obesidade abdominal na pós-menopausa foi aproximadamente de 40% em relação às mulheres na pré-menopausa 8 , semelhantemente ao estudo realizado por Cho et al 21 também na Coreia do Sul, no qual este aumento foi superior a 30%. Na avaliação da média da circunferência da cintura, o estudo de coorte com 1.276 mulheres na Holanda verificou um aumentou na transição menopáusica.…”

“…(3) Estaria sendo atribuído um "rótulo" (e consequen-Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 28 (8):1423-1437, ago, 2012 te medicalização) às pessoas? 2 .…”

A Review on Metabolic Syndrome

“…This may happen with high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal women. Study of Deibert et al [42] showed that prevalence of metabolic syndrome among post-menopausal women was 36.1% and also some other studies showed that menopausal women in Canada [43], Ecuador [33] and South Korea [44] had prevalence of metabolic syndrome 31%, 41.5% and 54.6% respectively. Marjani et al showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal women was 31% [45].…”

“…Studies among Korean and Chinese populations showed that prevalence of metabolic syndrome were 13.8% [44] and 17.8% for females, respectively [50]. Studies were done by Eshtiaghi [51], Ainy [52], Deilbert [42], Figueiredo Neto [53] and Heidari et al [54] have shown that prevalence of metabolic syndrome were 18.3%, 53%, 23%, 24% and 44.9%, respectively.…”