The Effect of Maturity Status on Biochemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Gene Expression in a Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivar with Red Flowers, Yellow Peel, and Pinkish Arils

Attanayake, Rekha; Ranil, R. H. G.; Weerakkody, P.R.; Bandaranayake, P. C. G.

doi:10.1007/s00344-018-09909-2

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 69 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In that study, declines to 50.2 mg/g dry weight at harvest maturity stage were indicated. Similarly, Attanayake et al [17] investigated the changes in TPC, punicalagin α and β, and antioxidant activity of 'Nimali' pomegranate peel from the flowering to maturity stage. The recorded gradual declines in TPC from approximately 51 mg GAE/g fresh weight to 31 mg GAE/g fresh weight occurred during the flowering stage to the maturity of the fruit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, during the maturation of 'Malas Yazdi' pomegranate fruit, Mirdehghan and Rahemi [16] recorded an increase in total phenolic content (TPC) of the fruit peel in the early stages of maturation at almost 120 mg/g dry weight (DW), however, it declined to 50.2 mg/g DW at harvest maturity stage. Attanayake et al [17] noted a gradual reduction in TPC from approximately 51 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g fresh weight (FW) to 30.6 mg GAE/g FW α punicalagin from approximately 11 mg/g FW to 9 mg/g FW and antioxidant activity from 75% to 41.3% during flowering stage to maturity of 'Nimali' pomegranate peel. Similarly, Li et al [18] found that unripe maturity stage of Sweet green peel (GP) pomegranate peel recorded the highest TPC, approximately 390 mg GAE/g DW, compared to the ripe stage (250 mg GAE/g DW).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Blanching Pre-Treatment Promotes High Yields, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidants, Enzyme Inactivation and Antibacterial Activity of ‘Wonderful’ Pomegranate Peel Extracts at Three Different Harvest Maturities

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

‘Wonderful’ pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel contains a wide range of phytochemicals including vitamins, dietary fibre, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties. Yet, it is often used as animal feed or discarded in landfills, which is not the best eco-friendly way to utilize this phenolic-rich bioresource. Finding novel ways of utilizing pomegranate peel waste could prove a more profitable and eco-friendlier alternative that is far more beneficial to the economy. Adding a blanching pre-treatment step at optimal conditions prior to processing of pomegranate peel aids in the inactivation of quality changing enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), which are accountable for the degradation reactions that cause breakdown of nutrients and phytochemicals. This study aimed to determine the effect of blanching at 80 °C for 3 min on the yield, polyphenol content, antioxidant properties, enzyme inactivation, and antibacterial activity of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate peel ethanolic extracts from three different harvest maturities (unripe, ripe, and over ripe), including a comprehensive characterization and quantification using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The blanched unripe peel extracts exhibited the highest total phenolic content, total tannin content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) at 14.0 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry mass (DM), 1.0 mg GAE/g DM, 359.1 µmol Trolox/g DM, 912.2 µmol Trolox/g DM and 802.5 µmol Trolox/g DM, respectively. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PPO and POD activity of all blanched pomegranate peel extracts. The blanched unripe peel extracts had the lowest PPO activity at 0.2 U/g fresh weight (FW), with a 70% PPO inactivation compared to ripe and over ripe harvest, whereas the highest POD inactivation was recorded at 67% in over ripe peel extracts. All blanched peel extracts, irrespective of harvest maturity, had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values at 160 µg/mL against all four bacteria strains tested, which included two Gram-positive bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli 11775 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13883). A total of 25 metabolites including phenolic acids (4), organic acids (1), flavonoids (4), ellagitannins (13), and other polyphenols (3) in all three pomegranate peel samples were tentatively identified after LC-MS profiling. The blanched unripe peel extracts showed significantly higher punicalin α and β, β punicalagin, catechin, epicatechin content at 414 mg/g, and 678 mg/g, 151 mg/g, 229 mg/g, respectively, compared to peel extracts from other harvest maturities. This study provides supportive information for the commercial utilization of pomegranate fruit peel as source of value-added ingredients for the development of novel food, cosmetics, and pharmacological products.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blanching Pre-Treatment Promotes High Yields, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidants, Enzyme Inactivation and Antibacterial Activity of ‘Wonderful’ Pomegranate Peel Extracts at Three Different Harvest Maturities

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…When the reference genes in the expression experiment have not been evaluated and cannot be obtained, the normalization of gene expression generally adopts the alternative of selecting some common reference genes, such as ACT and GAPDH genes [38,39]. However, the stability of ACT and GAPDH genes has been proved to be not absolutely reliable under different experimental conditions [27,28,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and selection of suitable qRT-PCR reference genes for light responses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

Wang

Liu

Tang

et al. 2021

Scientia Horticulturae

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an important woody economic crop used for processing leaf-type beverages. Tea has been proved to be bene cial to human health because it is rich in tea polyphenols and other active ingredients. Numerous studies have shown that light is a necessary environmental condition to control the growth and metabolism of C. sinensis. Gene expression experiments are always performed to explore the transcriptional regulation mechanism of plants widely based on the technique of quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The screening and application of reference genes are necessary for the normalization of gene expression under speci c conditions. However, the reference genes for systematic analysis of light-induced transcription mechanisms are still not available in C. sinensis.Results: In this research, we identi ed actin family genes that are always used as reference genes with high frequency and without distinction for various expression experiments in C. sinensis. Six pairs of distinctive primers (corresponding to CsACT1, CsACT2, CsACT(3-4), CsACT(5-6), CsACT(7-8), and CsACT(9-10) genes) were designed to evaluate their expression stability in response to light quality (LQ), light intensity (LI), and photoperiod (PD). Simultaneously, six other family members (CsUBC1, CsCLATHRIN1, CsGAPDH, CsTBP, CsTIP41, and CseIF-4α) of C. sinensis commonly used as reference genes were also investigated. The stability rankings of gene expression were calculated by the statistical algorithms of geNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and RefFinder softwares.Conclusions: CsACT(5-6), CsTIP41, and CsACT(3-4) were the most stable genes for light quality (LQ), light intensity (LI), and photoperiod (PD) treatments, respectively. This study provides a basis for the selection of reference genes for future research on the transcription mechanism of light response in C. sinensis. Moreover, the analysis of actin family members of C. sinensis will help to understand the individual transcription mechanism of housekeeping family. BackgroundQuantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a universal technique to analyze gene expression because of its high sensitivity, good repeatability, and fast speed [1,2]. In the process of using qRT-PCR to analyze gene expression, the purity and concentration of the sample cannot be absolutely guaranteed that may cause experimental errors [2,3]. In order to make the results more accurate, it is necessary to use the reference gene as a reference to standardize the expression level of the target gene and correct the discrepancy of transcription e ciency and cDNA usage [2,4]. Stable expression is the basis for selection of reference genes because of the selection of unstable reference genes will lead to test deviation. Some genes necessary for maintaining basic cell functions have been found in plants, called housekeeping genes, whose expression levels are less affected by environmental conditions and developmental stages [5,6]. The housekeeping genes o...

show abstract

“…The spiciness of green pepper is lesser than that of black pepper, and it is harvested in the unripe state [15]. The degree of maturation and the color of the pepper fruit have a strong effect on the biological activity of the pepper fruit [38]. Therefore, we evaluated the color, flavonoid contents, phenolic contents, and antioxidant activity of black and green pepper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Extract Suppresses Oxidative Stress and LPS-Induced Inflammation via Regulation of JNK Signaling Pathways

Kim

Shin

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, we compared the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant capacities of black and green pepper. Green pepper from India (GPI) and Sri Lanka (GPS) had higher Hunter L* and b* values and lower a* values than black pepper from India (BPI) and Sri Lanka (BPS). The contents of chlorophyll a and b, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in GPI and GPS were higher than those in BPI and BPS. The peppercorns showed the following decreasing order of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging capacities: GPI > GPS > BPI > BPS. High-performance liquid chromatography showed that the highest piperine content was present in GPI (8613.27 ± 45.86 mg/100 g). We further investigated the anti-inflammatory capacity of the green pepper. GPS and GPI significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression without being cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells. GPS and GPI also suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, but not p65. GPS had a higher inhibitory effect on LPS-induced c-Jun phosphorylation and translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus than GPI. Thus, the findings of our study suggest that green pepper has the potential to be an effective nutraceutical against oxidative and inflammatory stress.

show abstract

The Effect of Maturity Status on Biochemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Gene Expression in a Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivar with Red Flowers, Yellow Peel, and Pinkish Arils

Cited by 9 publications

References 69 publications

Blanching Pre-Treatment Promotes High Yields, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidants, Enzyme Inactivation and Antibacterial Activity of ‘Wonderful’ Pomegranate Peel Extracts at Three Different Harvest Maturities

Blanching Pre-Treatment Promotes High Yields, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidants, Enzyme Inactivation and Antibacterial Activity of ‘Wonderful’ Pomegranate Peel Extracts at Three Different Harvest Maturities

Evaluation and selection of suitable qRT-PCR reference genes for light responses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

Green Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Extract Suppresses Oxidative Stress and LPS-Induced Inflammation via Regulation of JNK Signaling Pathways

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About