The effect of marathon training upon menstrual function

Shangold, Mona M.; Levine, Herbert S.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(82)90464-1

Cited by 127 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Weight-bearing sports Ballet Abraham et al (1982) 29 79·0 Brooks-Gunn et al (1987 53 59·0 Feicht et al (1978) 128 6-43 Glass et al (1987) 67 34·0 Running Shangold & Levine (1982) 394 24·0 Sanborn et al (1987) 237 26·0 Non-weight-bearing sports Cycling Sanborn et al (1987) 33 12·0 Swimming Sanborn et al (1987) 197 12·0 From Constantini & Warren MP (1994 with permission.…”

Section: Percentage With Irregularitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system

Warren¹,

Perlroth²

2001

Journal of Endocrinology

375

198

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Women have become increasingly physically active in recent decades. While exercise provides substantial health benefits, intensive exercise is also associated with a unique set of risks for the female athlete. Hypothalamic dysfunction associated with strenuous exercise, and the resulting disturbance of GnRH pulsatility, can result in delayed menarche and disruption of menstrual cyclicity.Specific mechanisms triggering reproductive dysfunction may vary across athletic disciplines. An energy drain incurred by women whose energy expenditure exceeds dietary energy intake appears to be the primary factor effecting GnRH suppression in athletes engaged in sports emphasizing leanness; nutritional restriction may be an important causal factor in the hypoestrogenism observed in these athletes. A distinct hormonal profile characterized by hyperandrogenism rather than hypoestrogenism is associated with athletes engaged in sports emphasizing strength over leanness. Complications associated with suppression of GnRH include infertility and compromised bone density. Failure to attain peak bone mass and bone loss predispose hypoestrogenic athletes to osteopenia and osteoporosis.Metabolic aberrations associated with nutritional insult may be the primary factors effecting low bone density in hypoestrogenic athletes, thus diagnosis should include careful screening for abnormal eating behavior. Increasing caloric intake to offset high energy demand may be sufficient to reverse menstrual dysfunction and stimulate bone accretion. Treatment with exogenous estrogen may help to curb further bone loss in the hypoestrogenic amenorrheic athlete, but may not be sufficient to stimulate bone growth. Treatment aimed at correcting metabolic abnormalities may in fact prove more effective than that aimed at correcting estrogen deficiencies.

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Section: Percentage With Irregularitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of observed irregularities varies with athletic discipline and level of competition (Table 1) (Petterson et al 1973, Feicht et al 1978, Singh 1981, Abraham et al 1982, Shangold & Levine 1982, Brooks-Gunn et al 1987, Glass et al 1987, Sanborn et al 1987.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system

Warren¹,

Perlroth²

2001

Journal of Endocrinology

375

198

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“…39 Menstrual disorders occur in 24-26% of runners. 40,41 In distance runners, the prevalence of amenorrhea increases from 3% to 60% as training distance increases from <13 to >113 km per week, while their body weight decreases from >60 to <50 kg. 36 Furthermore, subclinical menstrual disorders are found in both highly trained 8 and recreational 42 eumenorrheic athletes; luteal deficiency or anovulation was found in 78% of eumenorrheic recreational runners in at least one out of three menstrual cycles.…”

Section: Menstrual Disorders In Specific Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menstrual function in sports

Roupas¹,

Georgopoulos²

2011

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ObjecTIVe: To highlight the recent developments in the field of menstrual function in sports and to provide an overview of our current understanding in regard to the pathophysiology, evaluation and management strategies of exercise-related reproductive dysfunction. DeSIgn: A PUbMeD search was carried out and all articles published from 1980 to 2010 with title words related to exercise, athletes, menstrual function and primary and secondary amenorrhea were reviewed. The review structure includes a pathophysiology overview, menstrual dysfunction among different athletic disciplines, clinical manifestations, evaluation and management strategies, with particular emphasis on recent data regarding the use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. ReSUlTS AnD cOnclUSIOn: exercise-related reproductive dysfunction appears to be multifactorial in origin and remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Recent findings underscore the endocrine role of adipose tissue in the regulation of metabolism and reproduction, providing further data on our understanding of the pathophysiology of exerciserelated reproductive dysfunction. clinical manifestations range from primary amenorrhea or delayed menarche to luteal phase deficiency, oligomenorrhea, anovulation and secondary amenorrhea. Amenorrhea constitutes the most serious clinical consequence and is associated with bone pathology. early diagnosis, thorough evaluation and individualized management (ranging from diet and exercise, or behavior adjustments to pharmacologic treatment) should be achieved in order to preserve bone mass.

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“…The authors hypothesized that the hypothalamus might terone levels were also decreased during the h e a l phase. The authors concluded that running during the h e a l phase has a direct effect on that portion of the cycle (88).…”

Section: Scott and Johnston (85) Reviewed Several Papers Which Disputedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Athletes with anovulatory oligomenorrhea may have anovulatory cycles and reduced progesterone levels despite normal estrogen levels (82,88). These athletes may experience sudden, unexpected menses, which is quite heavy in nature.…”

Section: Significance Of Menstrual Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Female Athlete

Thein

Thein²

1996

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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, MS, PT, SCS, A TC ')ill M. Thein, MPT, ATC* w omen's participation in sports has been a topic of increasing interest in the past three decades. Prior to 1960, the woman's role as spectator was reinforced by many individuals and groups, including women physical educators. The belief that women were unable to endure the stresses of physical activity was consistent with the values and attitudes at the time, and the idea that women were weak, fragile, and unfit for sports participation was reinforced by the maledominated medical community (7).Women first demonstrated their ability to withstand tasks requiring strength and endurance during World War I1 when they began assuming roles previously held by men. Women performing factory work and other forms of physical labor demonstrated their interest in and capabilities related to physical activity. The small step from the work force into athletics was a natural extension of these activities. However, it was many years before women's participation in athletics was accepted, as evidenced by the lack of an Olympic women's marathon until 1984.The 1970s were an era of awakening for women in sports with the formation of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) in 1971 and the passage of Title IX of the Educational Assistance Act in 1972 (7). Title IX required all institutions receiving federal money to offer equal opportunities to both sexes in programming, including athletics. A surge in sports participation by high school girls quickly followed.

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The effect of marathon training upon menstrual function

Cited by 127 publications

References 15 publications

The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system

The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system

Menstrual function in sports

The Female Athlete

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