In the context of sport, an ergogenic aid can be broadly defined as a technique or substance used for the purpose of enhancing performance. Ergogenic aids have been classified as nutritional, pharmacologic, physiologic, or psychologic and range from use of accepted techniques such as carbohydrate loading to illegal and unsafe approaches such as anabolic-androgenic steroid use. The efficacy of many of these techniques is controversial, whereas the deleterious side effects are clear. The purpose of this article is to review the epidemiology, administration, efficacy, pharmacology, and side effects of commonly used ergogenic aids. Physical therapists should be able to recognize the signs of ergogenic aid abuse in individuals under their care, and they should be aware of the side effects of these aids. Moreover, the physical therapist can serve as a resource for those individuals seeking information on the risks and benefits of ergogenic aids.
A thletes of all ages enjoy participating in sporting activities. Children and adolescents participate in youth sports teams, while adults enjoy events such as running races, triathlons, and adult sport leagues. This type of recreational sportsenthusiast comprises the majority of the athletic population. However, a small percentage of athletes chooses to pursue a higher and more demanding level of training and competition. Some athletes excel in a sport early in adolescence and focus exclusively on those physical skills. Master-level athletes are continuing to compete well into the fifth and sixth decades of life. Athletes of this caliber level are training harder, competing more often, and taking less time to taper. As such, the elite athlete frequently suffers from overuse injuries, particularly soft tissue injuries, such as tendinitis, bursitis, and stress fractures. Selfcare for the average athletic population may include temporary rest and discontinued training. Research has shown that 3 weeks of inactivity can lead to a significant loss of cardiovascular fitness, where 6 weeks of rest can lead to a decrease of as much as 14-16% of maximal oxygen consumption (1 0.1 1,27). Because of such losses and demanding competition schedules, the elite athlete is often under time constraints for injury rehabilitation. As such, many athletes have found utili7ation of a water-based program during their "active rest" Elite athletes are competing for longer seasons, training more hours, and taking less time off. This schedule may predispose the elite athlete to overuse injuries. When an injury occurs, aquaticbased rehabilitation may expedite the recovery process, as effective cardiovascular and musculoskeletal training may be accomplished by aquatic exercise. The pool may be used both during rehabilitation and postrecovery as an adjunctive tool. Knowledge of the unique physical properties of water, as well as the physiological responses to immersion both at rest and during exercise, will aid the physical therapist when designing a rehabilitation or training program for the athlete. Understanding the principles of movement in water will provide a foundation for creative use of water's unique properties.
, MS, PT, SCS, A TC ')ill M. Thein, MPT, ATC* w omen's participation in sports has been a topic of increasing interest in the past three decades. Prior to 1960, the woman's role as spectator was reinforced by many individuals and groups, including women physical educators. The belief that women were unable to endure the stresses of physical activity was consistent with the values and attitudes at the time, and the idea that women were weak, fragile, and unfit for sports participation was reinforced by the maledominated medical community (7).Women first demonstrated their ability to withstand tasks requiring strength and endurance during World War I1 when they began assuming roles previously held by men. Women performing factory work and other forms of physical labor demonstrated their interest in and capabilities related to physical activity. The small step from the work force into athletics was a natural extension of these activities. However, it was many years before women's participation in athletics was accepted, as evidenced by the lack of an Olympic women's marathon until 1984.The 1970s were an era of awakening for women in sports with the formation of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) in 1971 and the passage of Title IX of the Educational Assistance Act in 1972 (7). Title IX required all institutions receiving federal money to offer equal opportunities to both sexes in programming, including athletics. A surge in sports participation by high school girls quickly followed.
Topsporters hebben te maken met een langer speelseizoen, zij trainen langer en nemen minder vakantie. Hierdoor kan de topsporter gevoelig worden voor overbelastingsletsels. Als er een blessure optreedt, kan revalidatie in water het herstelproces bespoedigen, want door oefeningen in water kan doeltreffende cardiovasculaire en motorische training worden bereikt. Het zwembad kan zowel tijdens de revalidatie als na het herstel worden gebruikt als een extra middel. Kennis van de unieke natuurkundige eigenschappen van water en kennis van de fysiologische reacties op onderdompeling zowel in rust als tijdens oefeningen, helpen de fysiotherapeut bij het ontwerpen van een revalidatie-of trainingsprogramma voor de atleet. Wanneer men de principes van bewegen in water begrijpt, kunnen op basis daarvan de unieke eigenschappen van water creatief worden gebruikt.In dit artikel wordt de revalidatie van de topsporter met behulp van een oefenprogramma in het water besproken. De fysiologische veranderingen die in het lichaam door onderdompeling optreden, zowel in rust als bij oefeningen, werden nader bekeken. Er werden aanbevelingen gedaan voor zowel belaste als onbelaste cardiovasculaire conditietraining en ook werden suggesties gegeven voor zowel ae¨robe als anae¨robe sportspecifieke oefeningen. De frequentie en duur van rekken en concentrische en excentrische krachttraining werden besproken. Er werden aanwijzingen gegeven voor balans-en proprioceptieve activiteiten en de opbouw naar volledige belasting en terugkeer tot de eisen die aan de sporter worden gesteld, werd besproken.Het zwembad kan een effectief middel zijn voor vele aspecten van het trainings-en revalidatieprogramma bij topsporters. Wanneer de behandelaar de verschillen begrijpt tussen oefeningen op het droge en die in water, kan een samenhangend en doeltreffend trainingsprogramma voor topsporters worden samengesteld.[ Jill M. Thein, en, (*) Aquatic-based rehabilitation and training for the elite athlete
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