The Effect of Mango Mistletoes (Dendrophthoe pentandra) Leaves Extract on Percentage of CD4+CD28+, CD8+CD28+, and interleukin-2 Levels of Aged Balb/c Mice

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Population aging is considered to be a global phenomenon today. Age-associated immune system dysfunction or “immunosenescence” is indicated by increased susceptibility to infections and chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases, heart disease, and atherosclerosis. One of the immunosenescence markers is a significant drop in CD28 and reduced proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). The mango mistletoes are deemed to have a better affinity for docking the CD28 and IL-2R receptors of α and β subunits than other plants. AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of mango mistletoes on IL-2 levels, the percentage of CD4+CD28+, and the percentage of CD8+CD28+ in aged female mice. METHODS: The leaves of mango mistletoes were extracted using 96% ethanol solvent, and the extract was administered to aged female mice (18–20 months) orally with different doses for each group, namely 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg. Mango mistletoe leaves extract was administered once a day for 14 days. Then, the IL-2 levels of the mice were checked from their heart blood samples using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, while the percentages of CD4+CD28+ and CD8+CD28+ were examined from the spleen samples using flow cytometry. RESULTS: The ethanol extract of mango mistletoe leaves was able to increase the percentage of CD4+CD28+ significantly (p < 0.05) at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg and increase the percentage of CD8+CD28+ significantly (p < 0.05) at a dose of 600 mg/kgBW, while other various doses had a strong enough correlation (r = 0.48) to increase IL-2 levels. CONCLUSION: The ethanol extract of mango mistletoe leaves has the good potential to inhibit the aging process in the immune system, as characterized by an increase in IL-2 levels and the percentage of CD4+CD28+ and CD8+CD28+.

Assessment of Oral Acute Toxicity of Thai Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. Leaf Extracts in Wistar Rats

“…7 The leaf extracts from Dendrophthoe pentandra also exhibited the hypotensive activity 10 and brain histology 11 and inflammation reduction. 13,14,15 Therefore, no harmful materials should be present in the extracts, suggesting that the leaf extracts from Dendrophthoe pentandra should be safe for consumption as food ingredients and medicine. However, the chronic toxicity evaluation © 2023 the authors.…”

“…14 Dendrophthoe pentandra leaf extract inhibit the aging process by increasing IL-2 level and the percentage of CD4 + CD28 + and CD8 + CD28 + . 15 The MCF-7 and L929 cell lines were resistant to the proliferative effects of the Dendrophthoe pentandra ethyl acetate extract. 16 K562 and MCM-B2 cancer cell lines exhibit cytotoxicity and growth suppression when Dendrophthoe pentandra leaf extracts are used in vitro.…”

Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. and Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.: A review of traditional medical uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and applications

“…Additionally, the oral administration of ethanolic extract of DF or DP enabled the mice to improve their immune systems. For example, a study found that the ethanol extract of DP leaves growing on Mangifera indica L. (150 mg/kg-600 mg/kg) was able to increase IL-2 levels and the percentage of CD4 + CD28 + and CD8 + CD28 + in aged female mice compared to the control group (phosphate buffer saline) (Handono et al, 2021). The ethanol extract of the aerial parts of DF parasitic on Azadirachta indica A.Juss (250 mg/kg-950 mg/kg) was employed in female rats, revealing a significant increase in NO production by peritoneal macrophages and phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells and the reticuloendothelial system compared with the untreated group (Pattanayak S. P. and Mazumder P. M., 2011).…”