The Effect of Male Hormone on the Protein and Energy Metabolism of Castrate Dogs

Kochakian, Charles D.; Murlin, John R.

doi:10.1093/jn/10.4.437

Cited by 126 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…A similar decrease in body weight following castration has been observed in numerous mammalian species (Kochakian and Murlin, 1935;McCullagh and Rossmiller, 1941;Kenyon et al, 1944;Kochakian, 1950). Capons in the present study weighed significantly less than CON birds in both trials, which supports the findings of Goodearl and Moore (1941) and Smith and Smyth (1963).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effects of Caponization on Body Weight, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Variables in Hypertensive and Hypotensive Turkey Lines

et al. 1985

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Effects of caponization and blood pressure selection on serum lipids, severity of atherosclerosis, body weight, hematocrit, and relative ventricular weight in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys were evaluated in two trials. At 8 weeks of age, half the turkeys from each line were caponized. Body weights, blood pressure, and blood samples were obtained from each treatment at 8, 20, and 30 weeks of age. A total of 56 and 72 birds were used in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Birds were necropsied at 30 weeks of age. Hypertensive turkeys had significantly greater serum cholesterol and total lipid than hypotensive turkeys only at 30 weeks of age in Trial 1. Lower relative ventricular weights were observed in hypotensive turkeys within both trials. Hypertensive birds exhibited a more severe degree of atherosclerosis and higher relative heart weight than hypotensive turkeys. Caponization significantly increased total serum lipid only at 20 weeks of age in Trial 2. Average body weight of caponized turkeys was significantly lower (1.2) than the control turkeys at 30 weeks of age. Caponized turkeys exhibited lower relative ventricular weight in Trial 1 but not Trial 2 and an increase in blood pressure only in Trial 2. Caponization suppressed body weight, decreased hematocrit values, and had no significant effect upon plaque severity. The presence or absence of male sex hormones had virtually no effect on proposed atherogenic stimuli thereby suggesting another mechanism by which the female is afforded a higher degree of protection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effects of Caponization on Body Weight, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Variables in Hypertensive and Hypotensive Turkey Lines

et al. 1985

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“…We pointed out that the work on animals which originally appeared to show the effect (Kochakian & Murlin, 1935) is open to criticism, and our work on rats (Hervey & Hutchinson, 1973) failed to demonstrate the effect. Studies of the effects of anabolic steroids on performance and body composition in athletes had given inconsistent results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Effects of Methandienone on the Performance and Body Composition of Men Undergoing Athletic Training

et al. 1981

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1. In a previous study of the effects of methandienone (Dianabol) on men undergoing athletic training, strength and performance increased, but not significantly more when the subjects were taking the drug than when they were taking placebo. The subjects did, however, gain more weight on the drug, with increases in total body potassium and muscle dimensions. It remained an open question whether the muscles had gained normal tissue or intracellular fluid. 2. In an attempt to distinguish between these possibilities the trial has been repeated, using as subjects seven male weight-lifters in regular training, and including measurements of total body nitrogen. As before, a dose of 100 mg of methandienone/day was given alternately with the placebo in a double-blind crossover experiment. The treatment periods lasted 6 weeks and were separated by an interval of 6 weeks. Body weight, potassium and nitrogen, muscle size, and leg performance and strength increased significantly during training on the drug, but not during the placebo period. 3. The finding of increased body nitrogen suggested that the weight gain was not only intracellular fluid. The increases in body potassium (436 +/- SEM 41 mmol) and nitrogen (255 +/- 69 g) were too large in proportion to the weight gain (2.3 +/- 0.4 kg) for this to be attributed to gain of normal muscle or other lean tissue, and imply gain of nitrogen-rich, phosphate-poor substance. Although this action of methandienone might be described as anabolic, the weight gain produced is not normal muscle.

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“…These are the steroids commonly used by athletes, in addition to illegal and veterinary steroids which have no approved therapeutic uses in humans. 2,4 Steroid usage was recently brought into the public eye in 1988 when Ben Johnson, winner of the gold medal for the 100-meter dash, was disqualified because of steroid use. Although Johnson did pass the drug test immediately after the race, his world record for the 100-meter dash was disallowed by the International Amateur Athletic Federation when he admitted to using steroids in his training regimen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treating Steroid Abuse: A Psychiatric Perspective

Giannini¹,

Miller

Kocjan

1991

Clin Pediatr (Phila)

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Anabolic-androgen steroids (AAS) are indicated medically for specific conditions, particularly androgen deficiency. However, because of their apparent capacity to improve physical and psychological performance, young athletes have been using AAS to increase competitiveness and self-image. AAS act on skeletal muscle to increase nitrogen retention and protein synthesis, thus increasing muscle size and strength. Aggressivity, euphoria and diminished fatigue are produced by effects on central nervous system androgen receptors. Psychiatric effects include depression, hyperaggressivity, mania and psychosis. Physical problems include cardiovascular abnormalities, hypertension, and tumor formation. Women report anovulation and virilization.Currently, over one million Americans have used AAS to enhance athletic performance or increase muscle mass. Nearly three-fourths of this group are high school students. Four to ten percent of all high school boys and 0.5% to 2.5% of all high school girls have misused steroids. In addition, 20% of college athletes, 80% of male bodybuilders and 40% of female body builders use AAS as performance enhancers. Most steroids are purchased through illegal sources: these include veterinary AAS and those of illicit manufacture. In addition, physicians provide a small source of these steroids despite state sanctions against this practice.Most exogenous steroid abuse can be directly detected by chromatography-mass spectrometry but the technique is tedious and expensive. If detection is not needed for legal purposes, a ratio of urinary testosterone to epitestosterone that is greater than 6:1 1 is usually sufficient to diagnose misuse of AAS. Withdrawal from AAS usually involves three steps: detoxification, rehabilitation and after-care. Inpatient detoxification is indicated only if there are severe physical problems or psychosis. Treatment is then directed towards the sequelae of anabolic steroid abuse as the steroids are withdrawn. Rehabilitation can be conducted on an in-patient or outpatient basis. The modalities are psychotherapeutic and include individual, group and milieu therapy, as well as rigorous physical therapy. Because of the long-term nature of the recovery process, weekly attendance at self-help addiction groups such as Narcotics Anonymous is strongly encouraged.On the basis of high prevalence and severe side-effects, pediatricians and other physicians treating adolescents should be alert for anabolic steroid abuse in their practice. The expense and difficulty involved in direct laboratory testing, necessitate careful history taking and examination. If steroid abuse is detected, treatment is mandatory.Thus, careful attention to the patient's history and proper psychotherapeutic treatment modalities are all necessary components in attending to this serious drug problem.

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The Effect of Male Hormone on the Protein and Energy Metabolism of Castrate Dogs

Cited by 126 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Caponization on Body Weight, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Variables in Hypertensive and Hypotensive Turkey Lines

Effects of Caponization on Body Weight, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Variables in Hypertensive and Hypotensive Turkey Lines

Effects of Methandienone on the Performance and Body Composition of Men Undergoing Athletic Training

Treating Steroid Abuse: A Psychiatric Perspective

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