The effect of low temperature on BOD in antarctic seawater

Howington, James P.; McFeters, Gordon A.; Jones, Warren L.; Smith, James J.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)90078-7

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Indicator and pathogenic bacteria associated with raw or partially treated sewage have been shown to settle into marine sediments, where they accumulate and reach higher densities than in the overlying water column (10,18,24,25). Additionally, lower water temperatures and elevated nutrient concentrations, like those in the immediate area of sewage outfalls, have also been shown to enhance the survival of bacteria in the water column and sediments of southern polar regions (19,20,33,42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of Microbial Indicators and Clostridium perfringens in Wastewater, Water Column Samples, Sediments, Drinking Water, and Weddell Seal Feces Collected at McMurdo Station, Antarctica

Lisle

Smith²,

Edwards

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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McMurdo Station, Antarctica, has discharged untreated sewage into McMurdo Sound for decades. Previous studies delineated the impacted area, which included the drinking water intake, by using total coliform and Clostridium perfringens concentrations. The estimation of risk to humans in contact with the impacted and potable waters may be greater than presumed, as these microbial indicators may not be the most appropriate for this environment. To address these concerns, concentrations of these and additional indicators (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, coliphage, and enteroviruses) in the untreated wastewater, water column, and sediments of the impacted area and drinking water treatment facility and distribution system at McMurdo Station were determined. Fecal samples from Weddell seals in this area were also collected and analyzed for indicators. All drinking water samples were negative for indicators except for a single total coliform-positive sample. Total coliforms were present in water column samples at higher concentrations than other indicators. Fecal coliform and enterococcus concentrations were similar to each other and greater than those of other indicators in sediment samples closer to the discharge site. C. perfringens concentrations were higher in sediments at greater distances from the discharge site. Seal fecal samples contained concentrations of fecal coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens similar to those found in untreated sewage. All samples were negative for enteroviruses. A wastewater treatment facility at McMurdo Station has started operation, and these data provide a baseline data set for monitoring the recovery of the impacted area. The contribution of seal feces to indicator concentrations in this area should be considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though the extreme conditions of this region may be presumed to be inhibitory to the survival of fecal and nonfecal bacteria, studies have shown that low water temperatures (ca. Ϫ1.8°C) enhance survival of allochthonous bacteria (27,42,43) and reduce rates of bacterivory (36) and degradation of anthropogenic organic material (33).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Microbial Indicators and Clostridium perfringens in Wastewater, Water Column Samples, Sediments, Drinking Water, and Weddell Seal Feces Collected at McMurdo Station, Antarctica

Lisle

Smith²,

Edwards

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…La DBO es un proceso de tipo biológico y químico en el cual los materiales orgánicos constituidos por carbono (C x H y O z ), y los compuestos nitrogenados provenientes de la hidrólisis de las proteínas (NH, NOˉ) se oxidan en presencia de microorganismos (Phu, 2014): (Howington et al, 1994;Simon et al, 2011;Matos et al, 2014).…”

Section: Demanda Bioquímica De Oxígenounclassified

Elaboración de un modelo neuronal artificial para la estimación de la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno en aguas marinas

Castellar

Salcedo

2020

rev.investig.agrar.ambient.

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Contextualización: los modelos neuronales artificiales son modelos diseñados a partir de métodos numéricos denominados Redes Neuronales Artificiales. El uso de estos, como herramienta de predicción de la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO), ha demostrado diversas ventajas, entre otras, la reducción del tiempo y los costos económicos asociados a este parámetro. La DBO generalmente requiere de 5 a 7 días, así como múltiples reactivos químicos, para poder establecer los niveles de materiales orgánicos en las aguas. Vacío de investigación: los modelos neuronales artificiales permiten calcular la DBO en tiempo real, a partir de variables fisicoquímicas registradas in situ. A pesar de ello, las redes neuronales artificiales no han sido utilizadas hasta ahora como método de estimación de la DBO en aguas marinas de Colombia. Propósito del estudio: teniendo en cuenta este aspecto, en la presente investigación se elaboró un modelo neuronal artificial que permite estimar la DBPO en aguas del Mar Caribe Colombiano. Metodología: para elaborar el modelo fue necesario realizar cinco simulaciones (constituidas por un número de 2 a 3 capas ocultas, y de 5 a 20 neuronas por capa). El desempeño predictivo de cada una de estas se evaluó a través del coeficiente de correlación. Resultados y conclusiones: los valores más altos de este indicador estadístico (0,937, 0,951, 0,953, y 0,941), se obtuvieron para el modelo que utilizó 3 capas, de 20 neuronas cada una, en sus cuatro etapas de aprendizaje (entrenamiento, validación, prueba, y todos los datos). Estas cifras indican un cercano ajuste entre los datos observados y las estimaciones hechas por la red. Estos resultados demuestran además que la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno puede ser estimada numéricamente, en aguas marinas, a través de modelos neuronales artificiales.

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“…Once contaminated, such communities are permanently affected (Bleasel and others 1989). The effect of the low Antarctic seawater temperatures has been quantified by Howington and others (1994) who showed that at –1.8°C the extent of BOD ( biochemical oxygen demand; a measure of a wastewater's content of biodegradable organic compounds) removal was only one third of that at 20°C. The fate of pathogens under Antarctic conditions has also been explored and Parker and Martel (2002) concluded that some bacteria, viruses and helminth ova could survive for long periods in a frozen state.…”

Section: Drivers For Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater treatment in Antarctica

Connor¹

2008

Polar Record

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Since the exploration of Antarctica began, procedures for dealing with human wastes have changed considerably. The establishment of research stations made it necessary to provide for sewage disposal. However, the introduction of advanced wastewater treatment processes has been driven largely by an intensifying concern to protect the Antarctic environment. A key step was the adoption by Antarctic Treaty nations of the so-called Madrid Protocol, in which minimum standards for sewage treatment and disposal are prescribed. The provisions of this protocol are not particularly onerous and some countries have elected to go beyond them, and to treat Antarctic research station wastewater as they would at home. Transferring treatment technologies to Antarctica is not simple because the remoteness, isolation, weather and other local conditions impose a variety of unusual constraints on plant design. The evolution of advanced treatment plant designs is examined. Most countries have opted for biofilm-based processes, with Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) favoured initially while more recently contact aeration systems have been preferred. Sludges are now generally repatriated, with a diversity of sludge dewatering techniques being used. The evolution of treatment process designs is expected to continue, with growing use, especially at inland stations, of sophisticated processes such as membrane technologies and thermally efficient evaporative techniques.

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The effect of low temperature on BOD in antarctic seawater

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Occurrence of Microbial Indicators and Clostridium perfringens in Wastewater, Water Column Samples, Sediments, Drinking Water, and Weddell Seal Feces Collected at McMurdo Station, Antarctica

Occurrence of Microbial Indicators and Clostridium perfringens in Wastewater, Water Column Samples, Sediments, Drinking Water, and Weddell Seal Feces Collected at McMurdo Station, Antarctica

Elaboración de un modelo neuronal artificial para la estimación de la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno en aguas marinas

Wastewater treatment in Antarctica

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