The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Extracellular Vesicles from Korean Women in Their 20s on Skin Aging

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles, which are highly conserved in most cells, contain biologically active substances. The vesicles and substances interact with cells and impact physiological mechanisms. The skin is the most external organ and is in direct contact with the external environment. Photoaging and skin damage are caused by extrinsic factors. The formation of wrinkles is a major indicator of skin aging and is caused by a decrease in collagen and hyaluronic acid. MMP-1 expression is also increased. Due to accruing damage, skin aging reduces the ability of the skin barrier, thereby lowering the skin’s ability to contain water and increasing the amount of water loss. L. plantarum suppresses various harmful bacteria by secreting an antimicrobial substance. L. plantarum is also found in the skin, and research on the interactions between the bacteria and the skin is in progress. Although several studies have investigated L. plantarum, there are only a limited number of studies on extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from L. plantarum, especially in relation to skin aging. Herein, we isolated EVs that were secreted from L. plantarum of women in their 20s (LpEVs). We then investigated the effect of LpEVs on skin aging in CCD986sk. We showed that LpEVs modulated the mRNA expression of ECM related genes in vitro. Furthermore, LpEVs suppressed wrinkle formation and pigmentation in clinical trials. These results demonstrated that LpEVs have a great effect on skin aging by regulating ECM related genes. In addition, our study offers important evidence on the depigmentation effect of LpEVs.

Extracellular Vesicles of Probiotics: Shedding Light on the Biological Activity and Future Applications

“…Among the 60 of them, 15 and 45 concerned Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. All articles assessed the size of the produced EVs, of which 49 determined it using only one technique (21 with electron microscopy [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ], 19 with NTA [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ], and 9 with DLS [ 42 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 91 , 92 ,…”

“…Only 9 papers analyzed the electrical charge of EVs, of which 7 used DLS [ 31 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 45 ] and 2 used NTA [ 84 , 85 ]. The quantity of EVs produced was examined in 18 articles, of which 14 used NTA [ 31 , 33 , 38 , 39 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 83 , 87 , 88 , 89 ], 2 used TRSP [ 49 , 50 ], 1 used flow cytometry [ 45 ], and 1 used spectrophotometry [ 51 ]. Detailed information on the numerical data of the above-presented results can be found in Table S1 .…”

“…Considering the influence of microbiota on the host health, two articles evaluated the effect of probiotics on another extraintestinal tissue—the skin [ 55 , 87 ] ( Table 2 ). In this regard, Kim et al [ 55 ] evaluated the therapeutic properties of L. plantarum -EVs on S. aureus -induced mouse atopic dermatitis model and on keratinocytes.…”

“…Since current treatment of atopic dermatitis involves the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and emollients, in order to compensate poor immune tolerance and barrier dysfunction, probiotics and their byproducts could represent an alternative option in the prevention or treatment of this disorder. Another article by Jo et al [ 87 ] evaluated the effect of probiotic EVs on skin aging by using human dermal fibroblasts (CCD986sk) and a clinical trial among Korean women. As reported in Table 2 , authors discovered that L. plantarum -EVs exert an anti-aging and anti-pigmentation effect and were able to positively regulate multiple pathways in fibroblasts.…”

“…However, it should still be remembered that EVs, due to their nanometric dimensions, can reach various tissues of the host, and, therefore, their effect on different types of human cells should be discovered [ 13 , 156 ]. As described in this review, a good example of a different approach to evaluating the biological activity of probiotic EVs is the original article aimed at the skin [ 55 , 87 ] or the nervous system [ 129 , 130 ]. Undoubtedly, the health-promoting impact of probiotic EVs on the host should be extended to many other organs untested yet, such as the oral cavity, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, or genitourinary system.…”