The Effect of Labor on Neonatal T-Cell Phenotype and Function

Thornton, Catherine A.; Capristo, Carloc C.; Power, Lynsey L.; Holloway, Judith A.; Popplewell, Eleanor J; Diaper, Norma D.; Warner, John O.

doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000069704.25043.ba

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There have been some studies that have investigated effects of the mode of delivery on neonatal T-cell phenotype and function [12], on circulating cytokine concentrations in the perinatal period [13], on gut microbiotal composition (a secondary aim of that study) [14], on phagocyte functions of infants for the first 6 months of life [15], on respiratory burst and expression of complement receptor-3 (CD11b/CD18) and IL-8 receptor-A in neutrophil granulocytes [7],on leukocyte counts during the first 5 days of life [8] and on interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 production by cord blood mononuclear cells [10]. All of these studies suggest that mode of delivery affects the immune system of newborns but none of them evaluated effects on the immune system of the mother.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in some regions of Turkey [6] it can be as high as 40%. Adverse effects of the mode of delivery on the neonatal immune system have been reported previously [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], but the relationship between mode of delivery and Treg cells has not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the mode of delivery (normal versus Csection) has an influence the CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells in newborn cord blood and maternal peripheral blood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The Effect of Mode of Delivery on T Regulatory (Treg) Cells of Cord Blood

et al. 2011

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Effect of Mode of Delivery on T Regulatory (Treg) Cells of Cord Blood

et al. 2011

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“…The Th1 cytokines stimulate prostaglandins, which are responsible for the commencement of uterine contractions (42). In addition, labor has been found to cause an increase in the neonatal circulation of neutrophils, monocytes, and NK cells; neutrophils and T cells in vaginally delivered infants are activated compared to those in elective caesarean infants (22,33). A surge of cortisol is also associated with labor, and this molecule is immunosuppressive, which may cause the inhibition of both cytokine production and T-cell function in cord blood (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, labor has been found to cause an increase in the neonatal circulation of neutrophils, monocytes, and NK cells; neutrophils and T cells in vaginally delivered infants are activated compared to those in elective caesarean infants (22,33). A surge of cortisol is also associated with labor, and this molecule is immunosuppressive, which may cause the inhibition of both cytokine production and T-cell function in cord blood (33). In addition, during normal vaginal delivery, the fetus is exposed to vaginal flora and lipopolysaccharide stimulation, whereas a caesarean section is conducted in a sterile environment without the aforementioned stimulation (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure of Cord Blood toMycobacterium bovisBCG Induces an Innate Response but Not a T-Cell Cytokine Response

Watkins

Semple

Abel

et al. 2008

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Mycobacterium bovis BCG was introduced as an antituberculosis (anti-TB) vaccine over 80 years ago and has since become one of the most widely used of all vaccines (11,40). Approximately 100 million children worldwide are vaccinated with BCG each year (40). BCG vaccination of infants affords 80% protection against TB meningitis and against disseminated or miliary TB. However, it is variably effective against pulmonary disease at all ages or against the reactivation of latent pulmonary infection in adults (10,37,40). Consequently, in spite of extensive BCG vaccination in many parts of the world, TB rates are high, with about 8 million cases and 2 million deaths annually (32). South Africa ranks eighth in the world for TB incidence, with a rate of approximately 600 cases per 100,000 population (39). Because TB is endemic in South Africa, infants are vaccinated with BCG (Danish strain) shortly after birth. Even with Ͼ95% BCG vaccination coverage, the rate of TB disease in babies remains very high, exceeding 2% per year among children under 2 years old in some areas (13).Little is known about the immune response of human neonates to mycobacteria prior to vaccination with BCG. Ota and coworkers have reported low levels of gamma interferon (IFN-␥), interleukin 5 (IL-5), and IL-13 following the stimulation of cord blood cells with a purified protein derivative of tuberculin (28). Another study that assessed the responses of cord blood to mycobacteria found low levels of secreted IFN-␥, IL-10, and IL-5 following incubation with BCG (16). However, it has not been clear which cells produce these cytokines and how IFN-␥ is induced in the naïve host prior to exposure to mycobacterial antigens and the stimulation of an acquired T-cell response. To further explore the infant immune response prior to vaccination with BCG, we incubated cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and purified CD14 ϩ cells in vitro with the Danish strain of BCG and quantified the IFN-␥, IL-12, IL-10, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 secreted into the culture supernatants. Furthermore, to identify the cell types producing these cytokines, intracellular CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ T-cell IFN-␥ and IL-10, intracellular CD56ϩ NK cell IFN-␥, and intracellular CD14 ϩ monocyte IFN-␥ and IL-10 were evaluated after the ex vivo incubation of whole cord blood with Danish BCG. The results were compared to the responses of the same cellular subsets in peripheral blood samples from 13-week-old babies vaccinated with BCG at birth. The data indicate that the Th1 cytokine response of the naïve host prior to BCG vaccination was confined to cells of the innate immune system and did not involve T-cell responses. However, post-BCG vaccination, while a similar profile of cytokines was produced, it was T cells that produced IFN-␥, thus providing a larger and more sustainable source of immune stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODSParticipants. Umbilical cord blood was collected from elective caesarean donors at full term (38 to 39 weeks) to avoid any possible effects of labor. A total

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“…Ly et al [11] observed that C-section was associated with increased secretion by cord blood mononuclear cells of IL-13 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), cytokines that have been positively associated with atopy among children with a family history of this condition [12]. However, other studies have reported contradictory results regarding IFN-γ, including no differences associated to the delivery mode [1] and decreased levels in cord blood serum after elective C-sections [13]. In this last study, serum levels of various cytokines and cytokine receptors implicated in neonatal immunity were shown to be altered in C-section infants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth Mode-Related Differences in Gut Microbiota Colonization and Immune System Development

Francino

2018

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: The process of early gut colonization is extremely variable among individuals and is influenced by numerous factors. Among these, the mode of birth will strongly shape the early microbial exposure and immune environment of the neonate. Summary: Here, I review how the concomitant processes of microbiota and immune system development are altered by C-section delivery and the effects of such alterations on long-term health. Key messages: C-section delivery impinges on microbiota and immune system development through various means: (i) if labor is lacking, intrauterine immune responses dependent on this process will not occur, affecting the immune environment of the neonate; (ii) the lack of exposure to the vaginal and fecal microbes of the mother will alter the type and diversity of the microbes that colonize the gut at birth; (iii) the different starting points in terms of microbial exposure and immune environment will mark the course of microbiota and immune system development during the first months of life, generating multiple feedbacks between these 2 processes. Given that the first months of life represent a crucial time window in the ontogenesis of the immune system and the establishment of tolerance, C-section delivery will impact on the lifelong risk of developing immune disease.

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The Effect of Labor on Neonatal T-Cell Phenotype and Function

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

The Effect of Mode of Delivery on T Regulatory (Treg) Cells of Cord Blood

The Effect of Mode of Delivery on T Regulatory (Treg) Cells of Cord Blood

Exposure of Cord Blood toMycobacterium bovisBCG Induces an Innate Response but Not a T-Cell Cytokine Response

Birth Mode-Related Differences in Gut Microbiota Colonization and Immune System Development

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