The effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on performance and nitrogen and energy utilization by neonatal and young pigs

Hoffman, L. Richard; Ivers, D. J.; Ellersieck, Mark R.; Veum, T. L.

doi:10.2527/1993.711132x

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, on the basis of the results of our study, the inability of added fat to improve growth and feed conversion immediately after weaning was not altered by L-carnitine. Our findings support those of Hoffman et al (1993), who also reported that the addition of L-carnitine to soy protein-based diets did not preferentially improve performance of neonatal and young pigs fed diets containing crude soybean oil. However, in contrast to our results, Hoffman et al (1993) did not observe improvement in growth performance from added Lcarnitine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs.

Owen

Nelssen

Goodband

et al. 1996

Journal of Animal Science

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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 120 weanling pigs (initially 5.6 kg and 19 +/- 2 d of age) were allotted in a 3 x 2 factorial with four pigs per pen and five replications (pens) per treatment. Main effects from d 0 to 14 after weaning included dietary L-carnitine (0, 500, or 1,000 ppm) and soybean oil (0 to 10%). From d 14 to 35 after weaning, levels were reduced to 0, 250, or 500 ppm L-carnitine and 0 or 5% soybean oil. No L-carnitine x soybean oil interactions were observed (P > .10). From d 0 to 14, L-carnitine and soybean oil had no effect (P > .10) on pig performance. From d 14 to 35 and d 0 to 35, gain:feed ratio (G/F) improved (linear, P < .05) with increasing dietary L-carnitine; however, ADG and ADFI were not affected. Soybean oil improved ADG and G/F (P < .05) from d 14 to 35 and ADG from d 0 to 35. In Exp. 2, 180 weanling pigs (initially 6.0 kg and 22 +/- 2 d of age) were allotted in a 2 x 3 factorial. Pigs were fed either 0 or 1,000 ppm L-carnitine from d 0 to 14 after weaning and then pigs fed each of these diets were fed diets containing 0, 250, or 500 ppm L-carnitine from d 14 to 35. No interactions occurred between feeding L-carnitine from d 0 to 14 and performance observed from d 14 to 35. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, L-carnitine increased ADG (P < .08) and ADFI (P < .02). From d 14 to 35, ADFI decreased (linear, P < .05) and G/F increased (quadratic, P < .05) as dietary L-carnitine increased. Cumulative (d 0 to 35) ADFI decreased (linear, P < .05) and G/F increased (linear, P < .05) with increasing L-carnitine. On d 35, 14 pigs from each of four selected treatments (0 or 1,000 ppm L-carnitine from d 0 to 14 followed by either 0 or 500 ppm from d 14 to 35) were slaughtered, and carcass composition was recorded. Carcass moisture and CP percentages were not influenced (P > .10) by dietary L-carnitine. However, pigs fed 1,000 ppm L-carnitine from d 0 to 14 had less (P < .05) carcass lipid and daily lipid accretion on d 35 whether they were fed L-carnitine from d 14 to 35 or not. These results suggest that dietary L-carnitine improves G/F and reduces carcass lipid accretion in early-weaned pigs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs.

Owen

Nelssen

Goodband

et al. 1996

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Further, our results are comparable with experiments that increased carnitine supply to piglets in their first weeks of life by other ways. In piglets weaned at day 3 of age, the supplementation of the replacement diet with carnitine did not improve growth performance during the 21-day experimental period (Hoffman et al, 1993). Likewise, litters suckled by sows supplemented with carnitine during lactation, which are known to exhibit greater carnitine concentrations in milk, did not differ in their weight gains until weaning from those suckled by unsupplemented sows (Musser et al, 1999;Birkenfeld et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Effects of l-carnitine supplementation to suckling piglets on carcass and meat quality at market age

Lösel

Rehfeldt

2013

Animal

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In a previous study, carnitine supplementation to piglets during the suckling period resulted in an increased total muscle fibre number at weaning in piglets of low birth weight. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether this effect is maintained until market age and whether this would attenuate the negative consequences of low birth weight on carcass and meat quality. Using a split-plot design with litter as block, sex as whole plot and treatment as subplot, the effects of earlypostnatal L-carnitine supplementation on female and castrated male piglets of low birth weight were investigated on a total of 56 German Landrace piglets from 14 litters. From days 7 to 27 of age piglets were orally supplemented once daily with 400 mg of L-carnitine dissolved in 1 ml of water or received an equal volume of water without carnitine. From weaning (day 28) until slaughter (day 166 of age) all pigs were fed standard diets. At weaning, carnitine-supplemented piglets had a twofold increased concentration of free carnitine ( P , 0.001) and a lower concentration of non-esterified fatty acids ( P , 0.05) in blood plasma indicating that carnitine became bioavailable and increased fatty acid utilization during the period of supplementation. Growth performance was not influenced by treatment in any growth period. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry revealed no differences in body composition between groups in weeks 12, 16 and 20 of age. LW at slaughter, carcass weight, measures of meat yield and fat accretion, as well as body composition by chemical analyses and dissection of primal cuts did not differ between treatments. No differences between control and carnitine-treated pigs in total fibre number ( P 5 0.85) and fibre cross-sectional area ( P 5 0.68) in m. semitendinosus (ST) measured at slaughter could be observed. The carnitine group tended to exhibit a smaller proportion of slow-twitch oxidative fibres ( P 5 0.08), a greater proportion of fast-twitch glycolytic fibres ( P 5 0.11), and increased specific lactate dehydrogenase activity ( P 5 0.09) in ST indicating a more glycolytic muscle metabolism. Compared with the controls, a lower pH 24 value was observed ( P 5 0.05) in ST muscle of carnitine-supplemented pigs, which -in castrates only -was associated with an increased drip loss ( P , 0.01). Meat quality traits in m. longissimus were not influenced by treatment. In conclusion, our hypothesis that early-postnatal carnitine supplementation to piglets of low birth weight permanently increases myofibre number and improves later carcass and meat quality could not be confirmed by this experiment.

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“…Likewise, supplementary L-carnitine did not affect live-weight gains, feed intake or egg production in laying hens (Rabie et al, 1997;Celik et al, 2004). Ineffectiveness of L-carnitine supplementation on growth was also reported in other species, such as neonatal and weaner pigs (Hoffman et al, 1993;Cho et al, 1999;Owen et al, 2001). On the contrary, supplementary L-carnitine improved growth rates and feed efficiency (Rabie and Szilagyi, 1998), increased breast or thigh meat yield, and decreased abdominal fat content (Rabie and Szilagyi, 1998;Xu et al, 2003) in broiler chickens.…”

Section: Weight Gain (G/bird)mentioning

confidence: 72%

Long‐term effects of early‐life dietary L‐carnitine on lymphoid organs and immune responses in Leghorn‐type chickens

Deng

Wong

Nolan

2005

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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The long-term effects of supplementing Leghorn-type chickens with dietary L-carnitine after hatching for 4 weeks on growth, lymphoid organ weights, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assessed in a 12-week study. A commercial starter feed supplemented with 0 (control), 100 (LC) or 1,000 (HC) mg L-carnitine/kg was offered to day-old ISA Brown cockerels for 4 weeks, then all birds were given a commercial pullet grower feed for another 8 weeks. No differences (p > 0.05) in growth rates, feed intake or feed utilisation efficiency existed among the dietary treatments throughout the study. Compared with control birds, HC-fed birds had a lower (p < 0.05) thymus weight relative to bodyweight (BW) at Week 4, but a higher (p < 0.05) relative thymus weight at Week 12. A higher (p < 0.05) serum primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in HC-fed birds than in the other two groups was also detected at Week 12. Relative spleen or bursa weights and cutaneous responses of toe webs to phytohaemagglutimin (PHA) (an in vivo indicator of cell-mediated immune responses) did not differ (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments at any time. It is concluded that a short-term supply of dietary L-carnitine to a conventional commercial feed after hatching enhanced subsequent humoral immunity in Leghorn-type chickens. Further study is warranted to confirm such a long-term effect.

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The effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on performance and nitrogen and energy utilization by neonatal and young pigs

Cited by 27 publications

References 23 publications

Effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs.

Effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs.

Effects of l-carnitine supplementation to suckling piglets on carcass and meat quality at market age

Long‐term effects of early‐life dietary L‐carnitine on lymphoid organs and immune responses in Leghorn‐type chickens

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