The effect of interval between harvests and nitrogen application on the proportion and yield of crop fractions in four ryegrass varieties in the first harvest year

Wilman, D.; Droushiotis, D. N.; Koocheki, A.; Lwoga, A. B.; Shim, J. S.

doi:10.1017/s002185960006514x

Cited by 20 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…The three levels of N were 0, 262-5 and 525 kg N/ha/30 weeks. The intervals between harvests, the N treatment, the soil type and basal manuring, the sowing and establishment, and the weather were all as described by Wilman et al (1976a). A randomized block design was used, with two blocks and 18 plots per block.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…o n e I t a l i a n a n d t h r e e perennial, by Wilman et al (1976a) and Wilman, Koocheki & Lwoga (19766). Green leaf blade in herbage grasses has the dual The yield of leaf blade is presumably influenced by role of providing a substantial part of the photo-the initiation, emergence and longevity of leaves, synthetic tissue of the crop and of providing material but little is known about the effect of interval of high nutritive value for ruminants.…”

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The effect of interval between harvests and nitrogen application on initiation, emergence and longevity of leaves, longevity of tillers and dimensions and weights of leaves and ‘stems’ in Lolium

et al. 1977

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The effects of six intervals between harvests and three levels of N application on the initiation, emergence and longevity of leaves and longevity of tillers of Italian ryegrass and on dimensions and weights of leaves of four ryegrass varieties were studied in the first harvest year in field experiments. Dimensions and weights of leaves and ' stems' of the four varieties were recorded on three dates in the second harvest year.The number of leaf primordia on the shoot apex of young Italian ryegrass tillers was increased by N application and seemed to be increased by increasing the period of uninterrupted growth allowed to the parent tillers. The number of leaves which emerged on marked tillers during a 30-week period was approximately halved by increasing the interval between harvests from 3 to 10 weeks, but was not affected by N application. The number of leaves which died on marked tillers was at least doubled by increasing the interval between harvests from 3 to 5 weeks. The second and third leaves to emerge on a tiller had a longer potential life than the first leaf. Increasing the interval between harvests greatly increased the average age of the green leaves in the canopy at the time of harvest.Length and width, but not thickness, of fully expanded green leaf blades were increased by both N application and increased interval between harvests. The effect of applied N in increasing leaf size appeared to be an important reason for the positive effect of N on yield, particularly with the longer intervals. The effect of N in increasing the number of tillers and leaves was important •with the shorter intervals. Applied N reduced dry weight per unit volume of plant tissue and increased 'stem' length and increased weight and volume of herbage per unit volume of canopy. The area of exposed surface of 'stem' seemed too large to be ignored when considering the photosynthetic capacity of the canopy, particularly with the longer intervals. o n e I t a l i a n a n d t h r e e perennial, by Wilman et al.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The effect of interval between harvests and nitrogen application on initiation, emergence and longevity of leaves, longevity of tillers and dimensions and weights of leaves and ‘stems’ in Lolium

et al. 1977

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“…The grasses were Aberystwyth S. 23 perennial ryegrass, Aberystwyth S. 24 perennial ryegrass, Aberystwyth S. 59 red fescue and Aberystwyth S. 170 tall fescue. The dates of cutting on which the periods of study started were: 13 October 1975, 1976, 16 February 1976and 15 February 1978, and 15 March 1976, 17 March 1977and 16 March 1978 Six weeks after the start date of each period of study one turf, 10 cm x 10 cm, per plot was removed and one or two young tillers of the sown species with only two emerged leaves were examined for number of unemerged leaves (those visible after dissection and large enough to enclose the shoot apex) and number of leaf primordia on the shoot apex. A dissecting microscope (x 80) was used when counting the primordia.…”

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Early spring and late autumn response to applied nitrogen in four grasses

Wilman

Mohamed

1980

J. Agric. Sci.

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The regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 23 perennial ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass, S. 59 red fescue and S. 170 tall fescue was studied in field swards, comparing four levels of applied nitrogen, for 8 weeks following a clearing cut. The clearing cuts were in midOctober, mid-February and mid-March in each of 3 years, different plots being used on each occasion.The application of N increased the number of leaf primordia, the number of unemerged leaves, the rate of leaf emergence and death, leaf blade length, width and weight, sheath length, number of leaves per unit area of ground and proportion of green tissue in total yield. The application of N had little effect on the number of leaves per tiller and tended to reduce weight per unit area of leaf blade. The increase in size, weight and number of leaf blades appeared to be major reasons for the positive effect of applied N on yield, previously reported; and the increase in sheath length contributed to the increase in proportion of yield above 4 cm. Rate of leaf extension was not closely related to yield and was more sensitive to temperature than was yield. Changes during regrowth in blade and sheath length helped to explain changes in weight per tiller, previously reported. The effects of improving weather conditions in late winter/early spring were similar to the effects of applied N: larger, heavier leaf blades, longer sheaths, a taller canopy, a lower proportion of dead material, younger leaves. The length of shoot apex per leaf primordium was relatively constant. Leaves continued to emerge, at a slow rate, in the period December-February. S. 170 had the biggest leaves, particularly in May, and the slowest rate of leaf turnover. Rate of leaf extension was increased by applied N more, on average, in the ryegrasses than in the fescues.indirectly, with grassland management to develop a fuller understanding of reasons for yield differIn an earlier paper (Wiknan, 1980) a field experi-ences so that management decisions can be more ment concerned with early spring and late autumn soundly based, response to applied nitrogen in four grasses was described and the results for yield, number of tillers EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE and chemical composition presented and discussed. In the same experiment leaf initiation, rates of leafThe experimental treatments, field procedures emergence and extension, leaf blade area and weight, and weather have been described previously sheath length and proportion of green tissue in total (Wilman, 1980). Regrowth after a cut in field swards yield were studied in order to gain a more com-of grass sown as pure stands was studied for 8 weeks plete view of the effects of applied N, grass species at three times of year in each of 3 years, using and variety, stage of regrowth, time of year and different plots on each occasion. All combinations weather. The two papers together present a much of four levels of applied N and four grasses were more comprehensive set of data on this topic, for compared. A randomized-block design was used, early spring and la...

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“…This range is similar to that demonstrated for oats (Avena strigosa) in southeast Queensland . It compares favourably with yields of 2-17 t DM/ha for Italian ryegrass under similar climatic conditions in South Africa (Eckard 1989) and with the maximum yields of 13-14 t DM/ha from first-year Italian and perennial ryegrasses in Wales (Wilman et al 1976).…”

Section: What Are the Most Effective Rates Of Nitrogen For Annual Ryementioning

confidence: 51%

Comparative productivity of irrigated short-term ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture receiving nitrogen, grown alone or in a mixture with white (Trifolium repens) and Persian (T. resupinatum) clovers

Lowe

Fulkerson

Walker

et al. 2005

Aust. J. Exp. Agric.

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Dairy farms in subtropical Australia use irrigated, annually sown short-term ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or mixtures of short-term ryegrass and white (Trifolium repens) and Persian (shaftal) (T. resupinatum) clover during the winter–spring period in all-year-round milk production systems. A series of small plot cutting experiments was conducted in 3 dairying regions (tropical upland, north Queensland, and subtropical southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales) to determine the most effective rate and frequency of application of nitrogen (N) fertiliser. The experiments were not grazed, nor was harvested material returned to the plots, after sampling. Rates up to 100 kg N/ha.month (as urea or calcium ammonium nitrate) and up to 200 kg N/ha every 2 months (as urea) were applied to pure stands of ryegrass in 1991. In 1993 and 1994, urea, at rates up to 150 kg N/ha.month and to 200 kg N/ha every 2 months, was applied to pure stands of ryegrass; urea, at rates up to 50 kg N/ha.month, was also applied to ryegrass–clover mixtures. The results indicate that applications of 50–85 kg N/ha.month can be recommended for short-term ryegrass pastures throughout the subtropics and tropical uplands of eastern Australia, irrespective of soil type. At this rate, dry matter yields will reach about 90% of their potential, forage nitrogen concentration will be increased, there is minimal risk to stock from nitrate poisoning and there will be no substantial increase in soil N. The rate of N for ryegrass–clover pastures is slightly higher than for pure ryegrass but, at these rates, the clover component will be suppressed. However, increased ryegrass yields and higher forage nitrogen concentrations will compensate for the reduced clover component. At application rates up to 100 kg N/ha.month, build-up of NO3–-N and NH4+-N in soil was generally restricted to the surface layers (0–20 cm) of the soil, but there was a substantial increase throughout the soil profile at 150 kg N/ha.month. The build-up of NO3–-N and NH4+-N was greater and was found at lower rates on the lighter soil compared with heavy clays. Generally, most of the soil N was in the NO3–-N form and most was in the top 20 cm.

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The effect of interval between harvests and nitrogen application on the proportion and yield of crop fractions in four ryegrass varieties in the first harvest year

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

The effect of interval between harvests and nitrogen application on initiation, emergence and longevity of leaves, longevity of tillers and dimensions and weights of leaves and ‘stems’ in Lolium

The effect of interval between harvests and nitrogen application on initiation, emergence and longevity of leaves, longevity of tillers and dimensions and weights of leaves and ‘stems’ in Lolium

Early spring and late autumn response to applied nitrogen in four grasses

Comparative productivity of irrigated short-term ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture receiving nitrogen, grown alone or in a mixture with white (Trifolium repens) and Persian (T. resupinatum) clovers

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