The effect of implementation intention on prospective memory: A systematic and meta-analytic review

Chen, Xingjie; Wang, Ya; Liu, Lu Lu; Cui, Jian; Gan, Ming-yuan; Shum, David; Chan, Raymond C.K.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.011

Cited by 80 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…For both strategy-based PM training types, we observed a significant increase in PM accuracy in terms of PM cue detection as well as in accuracy of PM intention retrieval from pretest to posttest. For imagery training, this is in line with prior single-session PM training studies targeting PM intention encoding that showed training-related enhancements in PM accuracy in terms of PM cue detection [5, 15, 17-19] (there are no prior PM training studies targeting the intention-retention phase). Notably, our study is the first in comparing 2 strategies targeting different PM phases and their inherent cognitive processes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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Four-Week Strategy-Based Training to Enhance Prospective Memory in Older Adults: Targeting Intention Retention Is More Beneficial than Targeting Intention Formation

et al. 2018

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Background: So far, training of prospective memory (PM) focused on very short instances (single sessions) and targeted the intention-formation phase only. Objective: We aimed to compare the effectiveness of 2 different 4-week strategy-based PM training types, namely imagery training (targeting the encoding of the PM intention in the intention-formation phase) versus rehearsal training (targeting the maintenance of the PM intention in the intention-retention phase) in older adults. Methods: We used a 4-week training protocol (8 sessions in total, 2 sessions per week). From the 44 participants, 21 were randomly assigned to the imagery training (vividly imagining a mental picture to memorize the connection between the PM cue words and related actions during intention formation) and 23 to the rehearsal training (rehearsing the PM cue words during intention retention). The criterion PM task was assessed before and after the training. Results: Comparing the effectiveness of both training types, we found a significant time by training type interaction on PM accuracy in terms of PM cue detection, F(1, 42) = 6.07, p = 0.018, η²_p = 0.13. Subsequent analyses revealed that the rehearsal training was more effective in enhancing PM accuracy in terms of PM cue detection than the imagery training. Conclusion: Strategy-based PM training in older adults targeting the maintenance of the PM intention in the intention-retention phase may be more effective in enhancing PM accuracy in terms of PM cue detection than the strategy targeting the encoding of the PM intention in the intention-formation phase. This suggests that for successful prospective remembering, older adults may need more support to keep the PM cues active in memory while working on the ongoing task than to initially encode the PM intention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…With a similar strategy approach, Burkard et al [14] reported significant improvements in PM. In their recent meta-analysis, Chen et al [15] supported the generally beneficial effect of implementation intentions on PM with a medium effect size ( d = 0.45) for younger adults, and a larger effect size ( d = 0.68) for older adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four-Week Strategy-Based Training to Enhance Prospective Memory in Older Adults: Targeting Intention Retention Is More Beneficial than Targeting Intention Formation

et al. 2018

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“…Confirmation of the first two hypotheses replicates previous findings with regard to the PM performance of patients with schizophrenia (Wang et al, 2009) and with regard to the effectiveness of the implementation intentions manipulation (Chen et al, 2015;Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006). The novel finding is with confirmation of the third hypothesis, that implementation intentions can be used to improve the performance of early psychosis patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In the present study, there were differences between the control and early psychosis group on the ongoing task, with the early psychosis group showing poorer performance. This may mean that as a non focal PM task EMPT placed a greater demand on processing for the early psychosis group, which had a cost in terms of poorer ongoing task (Chen et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smith et al (2014) noted that implementation intentions were more effective when the PM cue was focal and that when the PM cue was non-focal there was evidence of a cost to performance of the ongoing task. Chen et al (2015) in their meta-analysis found no difference in the effectiveness of implementation intentions when PM cues were focal or non-focal, but some evidence for response cost to the ongoing task when PM performance is improved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Forming implementation intentions improves prospective memory in early psychosis

Khoyratty

Wang

O’Gorman

et al. 2015

Psychiatry Research

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Neural correlates of the effect of implementation intention on prospective memory

et al. 2018

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Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to do something in the future. Implementation intention refers to a self‐regulatory strategy in the form of “If …, then …” planning that can improve PM performance. However, the neural basis of the effect of implementation intention on PM remains unclear, as do the phases of PM that are affected by implementation intention. This study aimed to address these issues. Healthy participants were randomly assigned to the implementation intention (n = 18) and typical instruction (n = 20) conditions. All of them underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning when performing a PM task, which differentiated encoding, maintenance, and execution phases. Results demonstrated that participants in the implementation intention group showed different brain activations compared to participants in the typical instruction group. During the encoding phase, the implementation intention group showed increased activations in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 10) and supramarginal gyrus (BA 40) compared to the typical instruction group; during the maintenance phase, the typical instruction group showed stronger activations in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 46) than the implementation intention group; during the execution phase, the typical instruction group showed increased activations in the precentral gyrus (BA 6) and middle frontal gyrus (BA 8) than the implementation intention group. These results demonstrated the neural correlates of implementation intention on PM in different phases, and support the conclusion of our previous review based on fMRI evidence that implementation intention's improvement of PM performance is not fully automatic.

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The effect of implementation intention on prospective memory: A systematic and meta-analytic review

Cited by 80 publications

References 44 publications

Four-Week Strategy-Based Training to Enhance Prospective Memory in Older Adults: Targeting Intention Retention Is More Beneficial than Targeting Intention Formation

Four-Week Strategy-Based Training to Enhance Prospective Memory in Older Adults: Targeting Intention Retention Is More Beneficial than Targeting Intention Formation

Forming implementation intentions improves prospective memory in early psychosis

Neural correlates of the effect of implementation intention on prospective memory

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