The effect of high-sodium and low-sodium intakes on blood pressure and other related variables in human subjects with idiopathic hypertension

Kawasaki, Terukazu; Delea, Catherine S.; Bartter, Frederic C.; Smith, Howard R.

doi:10.1016/0002-9343(78)90045-1

Cited by 523 publications

(270 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Their daily salt intake was assessed by 24-h urine collection at the end of the first hospital week, as equilibration of the sodium balance requires approximately 1 week. 16 On three consecutive days during the second week of admission, each patient arose at 0600 h and discarded the first voided urine. Then, the second voided urine was collected before breakfast at 0800 h. Until the second voiding after awakening, patients remained in the recumbent position on the first day, in the sitting position on the second day, and in the sitting and standing position (both sitting and standing equally) on the third day.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of posture on the estimation of daily salt intake by the second morning urine method

et al. 2010

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The second morning urine (SMU) method was developed to evaluate daily salt intake, but the posture that should be adopted until the SMU collection remains unclear. This study investigated the influence of posture in hypertensive patients who underwent this test. The subjects were 100 patients who could collect 24-h urine samples correctly and were on a diet containing 7 g of salt per day. Their daily salt intake was estimated for three consecutive days in the recumbent, sitting, and sitting and standing positions (one posture each day). Estimated salt intake in the recumbent position (10.9±2.4 g day À1 ) was higher than in the sitting position (7.5 ± 2.0 g day À1 ) and the sitting and standing position (6.3 ± 1.7 g day À1 ). The salt intake estimated in the sitting and standing position was similar to that obtained by 24-h urine collection (6.3 ± 1.6 g day À1 ) and was significantly (r¼0.44, Po0.05) correlated with the 24-h urine value. The actual difference in estimated salt intake between the two methods was 0.0 ± 1.7 g day À1 . There were no significant differences in estimated salt intake between the two methods in patients taking different classes of antihypertensive drugs. In conclusion, adopting the sitting and standing position until the SMU collection is important for the correct estimation of daily salt intake, and this method could replace the 24-h collection method because of its convenience, especially in outpatients.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of posture on the estimation of daily salt intake by the second morning urine method

et al. 2010

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“…A large proportion of individuals with essential hypertension are salt-sensitive (Kawasaki et al, 1978;Fujita et al, 1980;Weinberger, 1996) and this salt sensitivity is considered to be a marker of the potential for cardiovascular disease (Morimoto et al, 1997;Raij, 1999). A high salt intake has been recognized to be closely correlated with blood pressure elevation (Dahl et al, 1967;Tobian, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of vascular soluble guanylate cyclase induced by high salt intake in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Kagota

Tamashiro

Yamaguchi

et al. 2001

British J Pharmacology

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1 Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP)-mediated mechanism plays an important role in vasodilatation and blood pressure regulation. We investigated the e ects of high salt intake on the nitric oxide (NO) ± cyclic GMP signal transduction pathway regulating relaxation in aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). 2 Four-week-old SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) received a normal salt diet (0.3% NaCl) or a high salt diet (8% NaCl) for 4 weeks. 3 In aortic rings from SHR, endothelium-dependent relaxations in response to acetylcholine (ACh), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and calcium ionophore A23187 were signi®cantly impaired by the high salt intake. The endothelium-independent relaxations in response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and nitroglycerin were also impaired, but that to 8-bromo-cyclic GMP remained unchanged. On the other hand, high salt diet had no signi®cant e ects on the relaxations of aortic rings from WKY. 4 In aortas from SHR, the release of NO stimulated by ACh was signi®cantly enhanced, whereas the production of cyclic GMP induced by either ACh or SNP was decreased by the high salt intake. 5 Western blot analysis showed that the protein level of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) was slightly increased, whereas that of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) was dramatically reduced by the high salt intake. 6 These results indicate that in SHR, excessive dietary salt can result in downregulation of sGC followed by decreased cyclic GMP production, which leads to impairment of vascular relaxation in responses to NO. It is notable that chronic high salt intake impairs the sGC/cyclic GMP pathway but not the eNOS/NO pathway.

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“…7 In the first analysis we used 24-hour ambulatory BP recordings. 8,9 The 24-h mean BP was calculated as average 24-h DBP + 1/3 (average 24-h systolic-average 24-h DBP).…”

Section: Definition Of Salt Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5][6] This has been explained by a heterogeneity in the blood pressure (BP) responsiveness to changes in dietary salt intake in hypertensive subjects, and a division of hypertensives into salt sensitive and salt resistant subjects has been proposed. 7 Several approaches have been used for characterisation of salt sensitivity. [8][9][10][11][12] From a clinical point of view the most relevant method should be based on changes in dietary salt intake, and also be possible to perform on an out-patient basis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproducibility of salt sensitivity testing using a dietary approach in essential hypertension

1999

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To investigate the reproducibility of salt sensitivity testing using a dietary approach, 30 essential hypertensive patients underwent salt sensitivity testing on an outpatient basis twice with a 6 month interval. At both tests casual and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (24-h BP) was recorded on habitual diet, then after a 6-day period on a low salt diet (aiming at 50 mmol/day), and finally after a 6-day period on a high salt diet (supplementation with sodium chloride tablets aiming at 250 mmol/day). Subjects showing у10% increase in mean BP when changing from low to high dietary salt intake were classified as salt sensitive. Dietary salt intake was assessed as 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Based on 24-h BP recordings eight patients were characterised as salt sensitive (SS) and 22 as salt resistant (SR) in the first test, and three of the initial SS and 15 of the initial SR patients maintained their salt sensitivity status at the

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The effect of high-sodium and low-sodium intakes on blood pressure and other related variables in human subjects with idiopathic hypertension

Cited by 523 publications

References 26 publications

The influence of posture on the estimation of daily salt intake by the second morning urine method

The influence of posture on the estimation of daily salt intake by the second morning urine method

Downregulation of vascular soluble guanylate cyclase induced by high salt intake in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Reproducibility of salt sensitivity testing using a dietary approach in essential hypertension

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