The Effect of High School Sports Participation on the Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances in Young Adulthood

Dodge, Tonya; Jaccard, James

doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.025

Cited by 114 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This finding aligns with the gateway theory (Kandel 2002) which predicts that illegal substance use sequentially follows the use of legal substance use owing to the existence of a positive relationship between the two behaviours. However, although a positive relationship has been found to exist between legal supplements and illegal substances, the existence of a chronological pattern has been questioned (Dodge & Jaccard 2006). In order to further explore this relationship, future research may consider alternative cognitive theories in order to account for the fact that a lack of experience of doping situations may mean that doping attitudes do not reflect actual dispositions.…”

Section: P<005)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

Backhouse

Whitaker

Petróczi

2011

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

136

135

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Nutritional supplement (NS) use is widespread in sport. This study applied an integrated social cognitive approach to examine doping attitudes, beliefs and self-reported doping use behaviour across NS users (n=96) and non-users (n=116). Following ethical approval, 212 competitive athletes (age mean=21.4, s=4.5; 137 males) completed self-reported measures of doping-related social cognitions and behaviours, presented in an online format where completion implied consent. Significantly more NS users (22.9%) reported doping compared with non-users (6.0%; U= 4628.0, p< 0.05). NS users presented significantly more positive attitudes towards doping (U= 3152.0, p<0.05) and expressed a significantly greater belief that doping is effective (U= 3152.0, p<0.05). When presented with the scenario that performance enhancing substances are effective and increase the possibility of winning, NS users were significantly more in favour of competing in situations which allow doping (U= 3504.5, p<0.05). In sum, doping use is three and a half times more prevalent in NS users compared to non-users. This finding is accompanied by significant differences in doping attitudes, norms and beliefs. Thus, this paper offers support for the gateway hypothesis; athletes who engage in legal performance enhancement practices appear to embody an 'at risk' group for transition towards doping. Education should be appropriately targeted.

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Section: P<005)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NS use has been propagated as a potential factor for doping use (Dodge & Jaccard 2006;Goldberg 2000;Lucidi et al 2008;Mazanov et al 2008;Yussman et al 2006) and doping use tends to co-occur with the use of NS (Calfee & Fadale 2006;Lucidi, Zelli 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

Backhouse

Whitaker

Petróczi

2011

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

136

135

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“…Mixed evidence accompanies research exploring the demographic predictors of doping use. For instance, males, compared to females, have been found to be at a greater risk for doping across samples of adolescents [22] and competitive athletes [23,24]. However, Wiefferink et al [18] did not find any effects of sex or age on self-reported use of doping substances in a sample of gym and fitness users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

et al. 2014

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Key points-A meta-analysis including 63 independent datasets was conducted.-Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were strong positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors.-Morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping were negatively associated with doping intentions and behaviors. AbstractBackground: There is a growing body of empirical evidence on demographic and psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and behaviors utilizing a variety of variables and conceptual models. However, to date there has been no attempt to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence and identify the strongest predictors of doping. Objectives:Using meta-analysis, we aimed to (i) determine effect sizes of psychological (e.g., attitudes), social-contextual factors (e.g., social norms), and demographic (e.g., sex and age) variables on doping intentions and use, (ii) examine variables which moderate such effect sizes, and (iii) test a path analysis model, using the meta-analyzed effect sizes, based on variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior.Data sources: Articles were identified from online databases, by contacting experts in the field, and searching the World Anti-Doping Agency website.Study eligibility criteria and participants: Studies that measured doping behaviors and/or doping intentions, and at least one other demographic, psychological, or social-contextual variable were included. We identified 63 independent datasets. Study appraisal and synthesis method: Study information was extracted by using predefined data fields and taking into account study quality indicators. A random effects meta-analysis was carried out, correcting for sampling and measurement error, and Running head: PERSONAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS OF DOPING 2 identifying moderator variables. Path analysis was conducted on a sub-set of studies that utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior.Results: Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors. In contrast, morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviors. Furthermore, path analysis suggested that attitudes, perceived norms, and self-efficacy to refrain from doping predicted intentions to dope, and indirectly, doping behaviors. Limitations:Various meta-analyzed effect sizes were based on a small number of studies, which were correlational in nature. This is a limitation of the extant literature. Conclusions:This review identifies a number of important correlates of doping intention and behavior, many of which were measured via self-reports and were drawn from an extended theory of planned behavior framework. Future research might benefit from embracing other conceptual models of doping behavior and adopting experimental methodologies that will test some of the identified correlates in an effort to develop targeted anti-doping policies and programs.

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“…male athletes than male non-athletes (e.g., Dodge & Jaccard, 2006) other studies have found a general reverse trend. For example, this reverse trend was noted in a German study where nonathletes reported higher rate of AS use than recreational or competitive athletes with the latter group reporting the lowest rates of use (Wanjek, Rosendahl, Strauss & Gabriel, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

‘Join us on our journey’: exploring the experiences of children and young people with type 1 diabetes and their parents

Kime

2014

Practical Diabetes

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The Effect of High School Sports Participation on the Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances in Young Adulthood

Cited by 114 publications

References 26 publications

Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

‘Join us on our journey’: exploring the experiences of children and young people with type 1 diabetes and their parents

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