“…Such bioactive responses are driven not only by the proper selection of materials, such as titanium (Ti) or titanium alloys (Ti+), but also by modification of implant surfaces, such as increased surface roughness or changes in surface chemistry and energy (Donos, Hamlet, et al., 2011; Hamlet et al., 2012; Meirelles et al., 2008). These modifications are produced by methods such as sandblasting, acid etching, surface coating, plasma etching, anodization, and by varying the environmental conditions used during any of these procedures (Fu et al., 2017; Guehennec et al, 2007; Lopez‐Lopez et al., 2012; Sul et al., 2002; Velasco‐Ortega et al., 2019; Wennerberg et al., 2018). Ultimately, these modified surfaces have been found clinically to increase the rate of healing and success of dental implants (Bruyn et al, 2017; R et al., 2016).…”