The effect of heavy strength training on muscle mass and physical performance in elite cross country skiers

Losnegard, Thomas; Mikkelsen, K.; Rønnestad, Bent R.; Hallén, Jostein; Rud, Bjarne; Raastad, Truls

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01074.x

Cited by 91 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…1RM in a seated pull-down was performed on a cable apparatus (Technogymcorp, New Jersey, US) with a custom made handlebar attached to the grip as standardized previously (Losnegard et al 2011) Prior to testing, body mass was measured using a digital body composition scanner (Tanita BC-545, Tanita Corp Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and height was measured using a stadiometer (Harpenden Portable Stadiometer, Holtain Limited, Crymych, Dyfed, UK).…”

Section: Instruments and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physiological responses to repeated upper-body sprint exercise in highly trained athletes

et al. 2015

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sprint decrement of 11.7 ± 4.1 %. Cycle rate remained unchanged, whereas work per cycle progressively decreased (P < 0.05). m. triceps brachii and m. latissimus dorsi were highly desaturated already after the first sprint (all P < 0.05), whereas the response was delayed for m. biceps brachii and m. vastus lateralis. Correspondingly, increases in VO 2 mainly occurred over the first two sprints (P < 0.05) and plateaued at approximately 75 % of VO 2peak . 1RM correlated with power during the first four sprints and with average sprint power (r = 0.71-0.80, all P < 0.05), whereas VO 2peak correlated with power in the last three sprints (r = 0.60-0.71, all P < 0.05). Conclusions The main decrement in upper-body sprint performance was evident in the first five sprints, followed by highly desaturated muscles and a plateau in pulmonary oxygen uptake already after the first 2-3 sprints. While high maximal strength seems important for producing power, aerobic capacity correlates with power in the last sprints.Keywords Cross-country · Skiers · Cycle rate · Maximum strength · Oxygen saturation · Oxygen uptake · Power output Methods Twelve male elite cross-country skiers performed eight 8-s maximal poling sprints with a 22-s recovery while sitting on a modified SkiErg poling ergometer. Force, movement velocity, cycle rate, work per cycle, oxygen saturation in working muscles and pulmonary oxygen uptake were measured continuously. A 3-min all-out ergometer poling test determined VO 2peak , and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength was determined in a movementspecific pull-down. Results Average sprint power was 281 ± 48 W, with the highest power on the first sprint, a progressive decline in power output over the following four sprints, and a Abbreviations ATTCommunicated by Jean-René Lacour.

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Section: Instruments and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physiological responses to repeated upper-body sprint exercise in highly trained athletes

et al. 2015

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“…Because of the 17 low number of counted MyHC-2X fibers, CSA data were pooled to the 2 major fiber types 18 (MyHC-1 and MyHC-2). 19 …”

Section: Knee Extension One Repetition Maximum (1rm) and Jumping Tesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These athletes would profit from a novel training modality that 18 allows both a gain in lean body mass and an increase in endurance performance. 19 Furthermore, it is well accepted that −especially in the case of trained endurance athletes− RT 20 generally neither increases V̇O 2max , nor mitochondrial content nor capillarization (Aagaard et 21 al. 2011, Hickson et al 1988.…”

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High-load resistance exercise with superimposed vibration and vascular occlusion increases critical power, capillaries and lean mass in endurance-trained men

et al. 2013

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PURPOSE: It is a widely accepted premise in the scientific community and by athletes alike, that adding resistance exercise to a regular regimen of endurance training increases endurance performance in endurance-trained men. However, critical power (CP), capillarization, and myofiber size remain unaffected by this addition. Therefore, we tested whether the superimposition of resistance exercise with whole-body vibration and vascular occlusion (vibroX) would improve these variables in endurance-trained males relative to resistance exercise alone. METHODS: Twenty-one young, endurance-trained males were randomly assigned either to a vibroX (n = 11) or resistance (n = 10) training group. Both groups trained in a progressive mode twice a week for 8 weeks. Pre and post training, histochemical muscle characteristics, thigh muscle size, endurance and strength parameters were determined. RESULTS: vibroX increased CP (P = 0.001), overall capillary-to-fiber ratio (P = 0.001) and thigh lean mass (P < 0.001), while these parameters were unaffected by resistance training. The gain in CP by vibroX was positively correlated with the gain in capillarization (R (2) = 0.605, P = 0.008), and the gain in thigh lean mass was paralleled by increases in MyHC-1 and MyHC-2 fiber cross-sectional areas and strength. Maximum voluntary torque and the finite work capacity above CP (W') increased significantly only following resistance training. CONCLUSIONS: We achieved a proof of concept by demonstrating that modification of resistance exercise by superimposing side-alternating whole-body vibration and sustained vascular occlusion induced further improvements in CP, capillarization and hypertrophy, all of which were not observed with resistance training alone. Purpose: It is a widely-accepted premise in the scientific community and by athletes alike, 2 that adding resistance exercise to a regular regimen of endurance training increases 3 endurance performance in endurance-trained men. However, critical power (CP), 4 capillarization, and myofiber size remain unaffected by this addition. Therefore, we tested 5 whether the superimposition of resistance exercise with whole-body vibration and vascular 6 occlusion (vibroX) would improve these variables in endurance-trained males relative to 7 resistance exercise alone. Methods: Twenty-one young, endurance-trained males were 8 randomly assigned either to a vibroX (n = 11) or resistance (n = 10) training group. Both 9 groups trained in a progressive mode twice a week for 8 weeks. Pre and post training, 10 histochemical muscle characteristics, thigh muscle size, endurance and strength parameters 11 were determined. Results: vibroX increased CP (P = 0.001), overall capillary-to-fiber ratio 12 (P = 0.001) and thigh lean mass (P < 0.001), while these parameters were unaffected by 13 resistance training. The gain in CP by vibroX was positively correlated with the gain in 14 capillarization (R 2 = 0.605, P = 0.008), and the gain in thigh lean mass was paralleled by 15 increases in MyHC-1 and MyHC...

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“…En la bibliografía consultada, un solo estudio demostró un incremento significativo en el VO 2máx (7 ± 1%) en una prueba de esfuerzo en un rodillo de esquiar en 19 esquiadores de fondo de competición, con VO 2máx > 60 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 con un programa suplementario de fuerza con altas cargas 2 días por semana un total de 12 semanas, además del entrenamiento de resistencia (Losnegard et al, 2011). Un trabajo de Kaikkonen et al (2000), concluyó que los efectos cardiovasculares producidos por un entrenamiento de fuerza en circuito con cargas bajas (20% 1RM) en máquinas de musculación en adultos sanos sedentarios, fueron comparables a un entrenamiento de resistencia, realizando actividades como andar, trotar o pedalear.…”

Section: Valores Máximosunclassified

Short-term effects of cardiorespiratory parameters on 2 resistance training programs prescribing exercise intensity through the RPE

Maté-Muñoz¹,

Isidori²,

Garnacho-Castaño³

2015

CCD

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ResumenEl objetivo del estudio fue calcular las variables cardiorrespiratorias comparando un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional en condiciones estables con otro programa de fuerza en condiciones inestables, prescribiendo la carga de entrenamiento a partir de la escala de percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo. Se llevó a cabo un diseño aleatorio con grupo control asignando 36 hombres sanos a dos grupos experimentales (n = 24) y a un grupo control (n = 12), realizando dos entrenamientos de fuerza en circuito (ejercicios de fuerza con pesos libres y máquinas de musculación y ejercicios en BOSU ® y TRX ® ). Los programas de fuerza duraron 7 semanas (3 sesiones por semana), midiendo las variables cardiorrespiratorias en un test de esfuerzo incremental pre y post entrenamiento. Para los valores de umbral ventilatorio 1, los resultados indicaron una reducción significativa de la frecuencia cardíaca después del período de entrenamiento tanto en el factor Tiempo (F = 12,777; p < 0,01) como en la Interacción (F = 4,718; p = 0,016), sin encontrar significación estadística entre los tres grupos (F = 1,279; p = 0,293). También se redujo significativamente el consumo de oxígeno a primer umbral, siendo esta disminución más acentuada en el grupo tradicional (F = 5,401; p = 0,027). Por tanto, se concluye que los valores de las variables cardiorrespiratorias después de 7 semanas de entrenamiento de fuerza en diferentes condiciones (estabilidad e inestabilidad) y, prescribiendo las cargas de entrenamiento a través de la RPE, son similares.Palabras clave: plataformas inestables, umbral ventilatorio, consumo de oxígeno, frecuencia cardíaca. AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess cardiorespiratory parameters by comparing a traditional strength training program under stable conditions with another unstable strength training program, prescribing training load from perceived exertion. A randomized control trial was performed by 36 healthy men assigned to two experimental groups (n = 24) and one control group (n = 12). One experimental group (or was it both? -it is not clear what the difference in programme was for both experimental groups) performed a strength circuit training program, (strength training with free weights and weight machine exercises along with exercises with BOSU ® and TRX ® ), Strength programs lasted 7 weeks (3 sessions per week), measuring cardiorespiratory variables with an incremental exercise test before and after training. For the ventilatory threshold 1 values, the results indicated a significant reduction in heart rate after the training period in both the time factor (F = 12.777, p < 0.01) and the interaction (F = 4.718, p = 0.016), with no statistical significance between the three groups (F = 1.279, p = 0.293). A significantly reduced oxygen consumption to ventilatory threshold was also shown, this decrease being more pronounced in the traditional group (F = 5.401, p = 0.027). Therefore, it is concluded that the values of the cardiorespiratory variables after 7 weeks of strength training in di...

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The effect of heavy strength training on muscle mass and physical performance in elite cross country skiers

Cited by 91 publications

References 32 publications

The physiological responses to repeated upper-body sprint exercise in highly trained athletes

The physiological responses to repeated upper-body sprint exercise in highly trained athletes

High-load resistance exercise with superimposed vibration and vascular occlusion increases critical power, capillaries and lean mass in endurance-trained men

Short-term effects of cardiorespiratory parameters on 2 resistance training programs prescribing exercise intensity through the RPE

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