“…However, the hyper-activity of this neurotransmitter can induce neurodegeneration through the hyper-stimulation of the NMDA receptors (Dong et al, 2009;Crews and Masliah, 2010). Therefore, agonists of NMDAR like as NMDA, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainic acid can induce excitotoxicity, according to multiple studies (Jarrard, 2002;Zhang et al, 2014Zhang et al, , 2015Hosseini-Sharifabad et al, 2021;Naseri et al, 2022). In addition, NMDA has been used for the induction of cognitive impairment, learning, and memory defects.…”