“…LTP plays a crucial role in increasing dendrites and synaptic plasticity in the brain ( Bin Ibrahim et al, 2022 ). Overstimulation of these receptors by agonists, such as NMDA, glutamate, aspartate, and kainic acid, can lead to destructive reactions in neuronal cells ( Jarrard, 2002 ; Zhang et al, 2014 ; Hosseini-Sharifabad et al, 2021 ; Keimasi et al, 2022 ; Keimasi et al, 2023a ). This hyper-stimulation may be due to the over-activity of the presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), which are involved in glutamate release ( Schurr, 2004 ; Nimmrich and Gross, 2012 ; Sousa et al, 2013 ; Mochida, 2019 ).…”