The effect of fuel composition on particulate emissions from a highly boosted GDI engine – An evaluation of three particulate indices

Leach, Felix; Stone, Richard; Richardson, David; Lewis, Andrew; Akehurst, Sam; Turner, J. W. G.; Shankar, Varun; Chahal, Jasprit; Cracknell, Roger; Aradi, Allen A.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.115

Cited by 36 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This rapid evaporation then causes locally rich regions to form, which leads to higher particulate emissions. A fuller analysis of these particulate emissions is included in [46,47,51].…”

Section: Fuelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Effects at Mid to High Blend Rates for Ternary Mixtures

et al. 2020

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This paper follows on from an earlier publication on high-blend-rate binary gasoline-alcohol mixtures and reports results for some equivalent ternary fuels from several investigation streams. In the present work, new findings are presented for high-load operation in a dedicated boosted multi-cylinder engine test facility, for operation in modified production engines, for knock performance in a single-cylinder test engine, and for exhaust particulate emissions at part load using both the prototype multi-cylinder engine and a separate single-cylinder engine. The wide variety of test engines employed have several differences, including their fuel delivery strategies. This range of engine specifications is considered beneficial with regard to the “drop-in fuel” conjecture, since the results presented here bear out the contention, already established in the literature, that when specified according to the known ternary blending rules, such fuels fundamentally perform identically to their binary equivalents in terms of engine performance, and outperform standard gasolines in terms of efficiency. However, in the present work, some differences in particulate emissions performance in direct-injection engines have been found at light load for the tested fuels, with a slight increase in particulate number observed with higher methanol contents than lower. A hypothesis is developed to explain this result but in general it was found that these fuels do not significantly affect PN emissions from such engines. As a result, this investigation supplies further evidence that renewable fuels can be introduced simply into the existing vehicle fleet, with the inherent backwards compatibility that this brings too.

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“…This rapid evaporation then causes locally rich regions to form, which leads to higher particulate emissions. A fuller analysis of these particulate emissions is included in [46,47,51].…”

Section: Fuelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Effects at Mid to High Blend Rates for Ternary Mixtures

et al. 2020

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“…Due to the season, the tests were carried out with the winter variant of standard fuel (RON 95, MON 85, E 5). Because of the influence of different fuel compositions and the effects of fuel quality on the exhaust emission behavior from GDI engines, 34–36 the composition of the fuel used is briefly described in Table 2 as an extract from a laboratory analysis.…”

Section: Measurement Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case study on particulate emissions from a gasoline plug-in hybrid electric vehicle during engine warm-up, taking into account start–stop operation

Lenz

Cremer

Guse

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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Concerning the discussions about emissions caused by individual mobility, it is foreseeable that future vehicle concepts will increasingly be based on hybrid powertrains. These systems lead to more complex operating scenarios, which have a significant influence on the resulting emissions of the engine. This work shows a case study and the results in the operation and emission behavior of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with a direct injection gasoline engine when operated in an internationally recognized driving cycle. The vehicle’s exhaust aftertreatment system consists of a three-way catalytic converter; a particulate filter is not installed. The emissions are analyzed with a focus on particulate number emissions (from soot), especially during the warm-up phase and the frequent start–stop events (in total, there are 12 internal combustion engine operating phases), which are typical for hybrid vehicles. The results show that approximately 50% of the emitted particulates have a smaller size, 23 nm (a very high number of particulates with a mean size of 10 to 15 nm are present), which are currently not regulated, but are expected to have a high risk of adverse health effects.

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“…Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines offer higher efficiency and lower CO 2 emissions compared to Port-Fuel Injection (PFI) gasoline engines, 1 but with the drawback of higher particulate matter (PM) emission. [2][3][4][5][6] Considering the stringent regulations on particulate mass and particulate number (PN), the need for developing and deepening the knowledge around the complexities of PM formation and measurements in GDI engines is evident. Such knowledge is necessary to reduce PM emission tendencies at design level, and also to develop simulation models for predicting PM emission accurately and inexpensively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the central role of the fuel properties in PM formation, the subject has been extensively researched in recent years. 2,[10][11][12][13][14] A great majority of such studies however have been focused on yet-to-be-widelyadopted alternative/substitute fuels, [15][16][17] whose share in actual fuel markets remains negligible, with the absolute majority of the fuel consumed in Spark Ignition (SI) engines continuing to be conventional gasoline. The chemical composition of gasoline varies to some extent from one producer to another, depending on the source of the crude oil and the production process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They found that the PM tendency among the three fuels could be explained by the share of hard-to-evaporate heavy hydrocarbons. Leach et al 2 conducted experiments in a highly boosted GDI engine with 10 different blends of gasoline samples, and reported that fuel composition has a considerable effect on PN level, but this effect varies as engine operating parameters/actuators change. For instance, EGR increases PN with some fuels, and reduces it with some others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the impact of gasoline composition on PN in GDI engines using an improved measurement method

Bokor

Rohani

Humphries

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

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An experimental investigation was carried out to investigate Particulate Number (PN) emissions from a modern, small-capacity Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine. The first part of the study focused on improving measurement repeatability using the Cambustion DMS-500 device. Results showed that sampling near the exhaust valve – while dampening the pressure oscillations in the sampling line – can significantly improve the repeatability. It was also found that uncontrolled phenomena such as deposition in the exhaust system from earlier engine operation can undermine the accuracy of measurements taken at tailpipe level. The second part of the work investigated PN emissions from three types of gasoline fuel, Pump-grade, Performance and Reference. Fuel chemical composition was found to have an appreciable impact on PN, but the magnitude of this effect differs in various operating points, being more pronounced at higher engine load. The Reference fuel was found to have the lowest PN emission tendency, conceivably because of its lower aromatics, olefins and heavy hydrocarbons content. A sweep of operating parameters showed that higher injection pressure reduces PN, but the extent of the reduction depends on fuel physical properties such as volatility.

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The effect of fuel composition on particulate emissions from a highly boosted GDI engine – An evaluation of three particulate indices

Cited by 36 publications

References 26 publications

Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Effects at Mid to High Blend Rates for Ternary Mixtures

Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Effects at Mid to High Blend Rates for Ternary Mixtures

A case study on particulate emissions from a gasoline plug-in hybrid electric vehicle during engine warm-up, taking into account start–stop operation

Investigating the impact of gasoline composition on PN in GDI engines using an improved measurement method

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