A case study on particulate emissions from a gasoline plug-in hybrid electric vehicle during engine warm-up, taking into account start–stop operation

Abstract

<jats:p> Concerning the discussions about emissions caused by individual mobility, it is foreseeable that future vehicle concepts will increasingly be based on hybrid powertrains. These systems lead to more complex operating scenarios, which have a significant influence on the resulting emissions of the engine. This work shows a case study and the results in the operation and emission behavior of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with a direct injection gasoline engine when operated in an internationally recognized driving cycle. The vehicle’s exhaust aftertreatment system consists of a three-way catalytic converter; a particulate filter is not installed. The emissions are analyzed with a focus on particulate number emissions (from soot), especially during the warm-up phase and the frequent start–stop events (in total, there are 12 internal combustion engine operating phases), which are typical for hybrid vehicles. The results show that approximately 50% of the emitted particulates have a smaller size, 23 nm (a very high number of particulates with a mean size of 10 to 15 nm are present), which are currently not regulated, but are expected to have a high risk of adverse health effects. </jats:p>

Real Driving Emissions—Conception of a Data-Driven Calibration Methodology for Hybrid Powertrains Combining Statistical Analysis and Virtual Calibration Platforms

“…For the operating strategy of hybrid vehicles, a good compromise between optimum fuel consumption, system efficiency, emission behavior and drivability is required [10]. Repeated engine starts and low engine operating times can lead to an increased emission intensity caused by higher start emissions especially in cold conditions [11] and thus to a low conversion efficiency of the exhaust aftertreatment system (EATS) [12]. Current approaches for the definition of vehicle-specific test scenarios for the calibration and validation process are mainly focusing on the characteristics of conventional internal combustion engines.…”

Multi-parameter imaging of in-cylinder processes during transient engine operation for the investigation of soot formation

“…Load changes, such as acceleration from idle or for a cold engine, can cause an increase in gaseous and particulate number emissions. [3][4][5] An emission-critical maneuver is a positive load step starting from motored engine operation, also called tip-in. Since the combustion chamber surfaces cool down during motored operation, wall wetting and as a result soot formation are 1 likely to happen during the load step.…”