The effect of fitness level on cardiac autonomic regulation, IL-6, total antioxidant capacity, and muscle damage responses to a single bout of high-intensity interval training

Abstract

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the cardiorespiratory fitness level on the response to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with an individually adjusted running speed of the same relative intensity. The evaluation focused on acute cardiorespiratory response, postexercise cardiac autonomic modulation (heart rate variability (HRV)) and biochemical markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle damage.MethodsThirty participants were divided into 3 subgroups: well trained, moderately trained, and untrained. All the participants performed 30 min HIIT composed of 6 × 2 min interval exercise with work-to-relief ratio = 1 and work intensity 100% of individual velocity at maximal oxygen consumption (VO2​max ). Acute cardiorespiratory variables, postexercise HRV, lactate, interleukin-6 (IL-6), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), creatine kinase, and myoglobin up to 4 h after HIIT were monitored.ResultsThe differences in relatively expressed cardiorespiratory variables (heart rate, VO2) during HIIT were at most moderate, with the most pronounced between-group differences in absolute VO2 values. The disruption of the postexercise HRV was the most pronounced in untrained individuals, and this difference persisted 1 h after HIIT. The highest postexercise IL-6 and TAC concentrations and the lowest changes in creatine kinase and myoglobin were revealed in well-trained individuals.ConclusionThe higher fitness level was associated with the less pronounced postexercise cardiac autonomic changes and their faster restoration, even when there were similar acute cardiorespiratory responses. These findings were simultaneously accompanied by the higher postexercise IL-6 and TAC concentrations and less significant changes in muscle damage biochemical markers in well-trained individuals.

Effects of a 36-h Survival Training with Sleep Deprivation on Oxidative Stress and Muscle Damage Biomarkers in Young Healthy Men

“…This phenomenon might result from the mobilization of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (such as reduced glutathione and vitamin C) from other tissues, and their release into circulation in order to counterbalance the enhanced synthesis of free radicals [ 22 , 23 ]. In line with these findings, an increase in TAC may be a simple marker of free radical overproduction [ 24 ]. However, the lack of measurement of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, vitamin C, or others in the present study may be considered a limitation and further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.…”

Circulating MicroRNAs in Plasma Decrease in Response to Sarcopenia in the Elderly

“…Studies have shown that sarcopenia is one of the risk factors for chronic cardiovascular disease. Patients with heart failure (HF) often suffer from sarcopenia at the same time, and improving muscle loss in HF patients is an effective treatment strategy (Chin et al, 2013;Loncar et al, 2013;Cipryan, 2018). It was reported that the muscle mass, strength and function of the leg muscles of diabetic patients are rapidly decreasing compared with those with normal blood glucose, and it has been proposed that the development of personalized functional exercises for the elderly with diabetes is of great significance in preventing and treating sarcopenia (Leenders et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2018).…”

Physiological and Performance Impacts After Field Supramaximal High-Intensity Interval Training With Different Work-Recovery Duration

“…The wide variation in intensity that occurs in sprints during soccer matches might be the reason for the high correlation found by Thorpe et al ( Thorpe and Sunderland, 2012 ). Inter-individual variability, intensity, session volume, type of exercise evaluated, and the level of sports activity can influence the CK change in a given exercise ( Baird et al, 2012 ; Cipryan, 2018 ).…”