The effect of fiber meso/nanostructure on the transverse compression response of ballistic fibers

McDaniel, Preston B.; Sockalingam, Subramani; Deitzel, Joseph M.; Gillespie, John W.; Keefe, Michael; Bogetti, Travis A.; Casem, Daniel; Weerasooriya, Tusit

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.12.003

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The compressive elastic modulus of Dyneema SK76 is higher than Kevlar ® KM2. However, the yield stress of Dyneema SK76 fibers is lower and the response is compliant (exhibit higher growth in the compressed width under TC) compared to Kevlar ® KM2 fibers [18]. The atomic force microscopy Similar to Kevlar ® KM2, UHMWPE Dyneema SK76 fibers exhibit a nonlinear inelastic behavior in TC.…”

Section: Experimental Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The UHMWPE Dyneema SK 76 fibers display a strain rate dependent modulus and strength behavior in high strain rate axial tension [16], whereas the longitudinal properties of Kevlar ® KM2 fibers are insensitive to strain rates [17]. Under quasi-static transverse compression both Dyneema SK76 [18] and Kevlar ® KM2 [19] exhibit nonlinear inelastic behavior. For a detailed literature survey on the experimental work of the materials used in this study the reader is referred to [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have . Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of compressed (a) Kevlar ® KM2 at 62% nominal strain and (b) Dyneema SK76 at 71% nominal strain [18]. (Reproduced with permission from [18], Elsevier, 2017).…”

Section: Force Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The compressive elastic modulus of Dyneema SK76 is higher than Kevlar ® KM2. However, the yield stress of Dyneema SK76 fibers is lower and the response is compliant (exhibit higher growth in the compressed width under TC) compared to Kevlar ® KM2 fibers [18]. The atomic force microscopy Upon transverse impact, fibers are subjected to transverse compressive deformation that is sufficient to cause permanent deformation and fibrillation during short time scales [1,32].…”

Section: Experimental Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Dynamics Modeling of the Effect of Axial and Transverse Compression on the Residual Tensile Properties of Ballistic Fiber

Chowdhury

Sockalingam

Gillespie

2017

Fibers

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Ballistic impact induces multiaxial loading on Kevlar ® and polyethylene fibers used in protective armor systems. The influence of multiaxial loading on fiber failure is not well understood. Experiments show reduction in the tensile strength of these fibers after axial and transverse compression. In this paper, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explain and develop a fundamental understanding of this experimental observation since the property reduction mechanism evolves from the atomistic level. An all-atom MD method is used where bonded and non-bonded atomic interactions are described through a state-of-the-art reactive force field. Monotonic tension simulations in three principal directions of the models are conducted to determine the anisotropic elastic and strength properties. Then the models are subjected to multi-axial loads-axial compression, followed by axial tension and transverse compression, followed by axial tension. MD simulation results indicate that pre-compression distorts the crystal structure, inducing preloading of the covalent bonds and resulting in lower tensile properties.

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Section: Experimental Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Force Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The compressive elastic modulus of Dyneema SK76 is higher than Kevlar ® KM2. However, the yield stress of Dyneema SK76 fibers is lower and the response is compliant (exhibit higher growth in the compressed width under TC) compared to Kevlar ® KM2 fibers [18]. The atomic force microscopy Upon transverse impact, fibers are subjected to transverse compressive deformation that is sufficient to cause permanent deformation and fibrillation during short time scales [1,32].…”

Section: Experimental Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Dynamics Modeling of the Effect of Axial and Transverse Compression on the Residual Tensile Properties of Ballistic Fiber

Chowdhury

Sockalingam

Gillespie

2017

Fibers

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“…Considering the inelastic collision (lack of bounce), the experimentally-observed lower breaking speed for yarns than Smith theory may be attributed to the strain concentration and multiaxial stress states that reduce strain to failure in the fiber. It should be noted that the approach presented in this paper may also be applicable for other fibers, including gel-spun ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) [31] and carbon nanotube (CNT) [32] fibers. The failure of fibers within a yarn during impact is complicated due to the fiber-fiber interactions, geometric and material property variations among the fibers, and needs further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Inelastic Transverse Compressive Behavior and Multiaxial Loading on the Transverse Impact of Kevlar KM2 Single Fiber

Sockalingam

Gillespie

Keefe

2017

Fibers

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Abstract:High-velocity transverse impact of ballistic fabrics and yarns by projectiles subject individual fibers to multi-axial dynamic loading. Single-fiber transverse impact experiments with the current state-of-the-art experimental capabilities are challenging due to the associated micron length-scale. Kevlar ® KM2 fibers exhibit a nonlinear inelastic behavior in transverse compression with an elastic limit less than 1.5% strain. The effect of this transverse behavior on a single KM2 fiber subjected to a cylindrical and a fragment-simulating projectile (FSP) transverse impact is studied with a 3D finite element model. The inelastic behavior results in a significant reduction of fiber bounce velocity and projectile-fiber contact forces up to 38% compared to an elastic impact response. The multiaxial stress states during impact including transverse compression, axial tension, axial compression and interlaminar shear are presented at the location of failure. In addition, the models show a strain concentration over a small length in the fiber under the projectile-fiber contact. A failure criterion, based on maximum axial tensile strain accounting for the gage length, strain rate and multiaxial loading degradation effects are applied to predict the single-fiber breaking speed. Results are compared to the elastic response to assess the importance of inelastic material behavior on failure during a transverse impact.

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Evolution of Soft Body Armor

Arora

Ghosh

2018

Advanced Textile Engineering Materials

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The effect of fiber meso/nanostructure on the transverse compression response of ballistic fibers

Cited by 31 publications

References 41 publications

Molecular Dynamics Modeling of the Effect of Axial and Transverse Compression on the Residual Tensile Properties of Ballistic Fiber

Molecular Dynamics Modeling of the Effect of Axial and Transverse Compression on the Residual Tensile Properties of Ballistic Fiber

Role of Inelastic Transverse Compressive Behavior and Multiaxial Loading on the Transverse Impact of Kevlar KM2 Single Fiber

Evolution of Soft Body Armor

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