The Effect of Familiar Size at Familiar Distances

Fitzpatrick, Virginia; Pasnak, Robert; Tyer, Zita E.

doi:10.1068/p110085

Cited by 35 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Familiarity based on experience with an object has been shown to serve as a depth cue (Fitzpatrick, Pasnak, & Tyer, 1982;Ittelson, 1951). However, few researchers have considered how the type of experience with an object influences size estimates of the object.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observing and engaging in purposeful actions with objects influences estimates of their size

Wesp

Cichello

Gracia

et al. 2004

Perception & Psychophysics

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observing and engaging in purposeful actions with objects influences estimates of their size

Wesp

Cichello

Gracia

et al. 2004

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…and to distance (e.g., Gogel, 1976;Fitzpatrick, Pasnak, & Tyer, 1982). The high proportion of off-sized judgments in the present Experiments 1 and 2 and in Gogel and Newton's (1969) study might be attributed to the repeated measures design of these experiments.…”

Section: Off-sized Perceptions 241mentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Although this finding is hardly novel (e.g., Fitzpatrick et al, 1982;Gogel & Da Silva, 1987;Predebon, 1mb), its significance for the familiar-size theory is that it makes it difficult to defend the theory by dismissing the size findings on the grounds that familiar size was an ineffective determinant of reports of distance and, by implication via the SDIH, perceived size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Perceived size of familiar objects and the theory of off-sized perceptions

Predebon

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

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In three experiments, I examined the claim (Gogel, 1969;Gogel & Newton 1969) that familiar objects viewed under reduced stimulus conditions frequently appear to be off-sized (i.e., larger or smaller.than nor~al). In Experiments 1 and 2, I presented images of different familiar objects, one at a t~me, at d~stances of .1. and~m from the observers. The images were normal-, large-, or small-SIzed versions of familiar objects, and the observers judged the perceived size of each o?ject rela.tive to its familiar normal size. In Experiment 3, I presented normal-, large-, and smallSIzedversions of the same familiar object at physical distances of 1 and 2 m. The pattern of size results was similar across the three experiments. In general, normal-sized objects appeared normalto small-sized at the 1-m distance and small-sized at the 2-m distance; small-sized objects appeared small-sized at the 1-m distance and even smaller at the 2-m distance; and large-sized objects appeared normal-to large-sized at the 1-m distance and normal-to small-sized at the 2-m distance. The distance results of Experiment 3 indicated that familiar size was an effective determinant of reported distance. These results are consistent with Gogel's theory of off-sized perceptions and, more generally, with the claim that familiar size is not an important determinant of perceived size.

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“…The change in the angular size of objects is potentially a salient cue to altitude (Fitzpatrick, Pasnak, & Tyler, 1982). This cue would be expected to vary with object density, but if objects are large enough such that altituderelated size changes are above threshold, we would not expect it to be affected by either object height or object radius.…”

Section: The Use Of Other Visual Cues To Altitude Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of visual occlusion in altitude maintenance during simulated flight.

Gray¹,

Geri²,

Akhtar³

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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The use of visual occlusion as a cue to altitude maintenance in low-altitude flight (LAF) was investigated. The extent to which the ground surface is occluded by 3-D objects varies with altitude and depends on the height, radius, and density of the objects. Participants attempted to maintain a constant altitude during simulated flight over an undulating terrain with trees of various heights, radii, and densities. As would be predicted if participants used occlusion, root-mean-square error was related to the product of tree height and tree density (Experiment 1) and to the product of tree radius and tree density (Experiment 2). This relationship was also found for simulated terrains with a more realistic mixture of tree heights (Experiment 4). The authors present a modification to an occlusion model (T. Leung & J. Malik, 1997) that can be used to approximate occlusion in the context of LAF, and they evaluate the modified model using the present LAF data. On a practical level, simulating 3-D objects is computationally expensive. The present results suggest that performance may be maintained with fewer objects if their size is increased. Keywords: aviation, perception and action, visual occlusion, simulationThe ability to effectively control movement through the environment is one of the most important perceptual-motor skills humans possess. Whether walking, cycling, driving, or flying we must control our rate and direction of travel in a manner that will allow us to reach our goal while avoiding collisions with obstacles. Safe performance of these actions frequently requires that we regulate our position relative to some object or feature in the environment-for example, maintaining a safe distance behind a lead car in driving or keeping a safe distance from the road edge when cycling. In the present article we consider a particular example of this ability: regulating height above the ground in simulated aircraft flight.Of all of the perceptual-motor tasks performed by military pilots, low-altitude flight (LAF) is one of the most demanding and potentially the most dangerous. LAF can involve maintaining an altitude of less than 40 m while traveling at speeds up to 232 m/s (450 knots). Not surprisingly, this flight task accounts for disproportionately high numbers of accidents relative to the total number of flight hours (Wiener, 1988). Given this high level of risk, flight simulators are now used extensively to provide a training environment for pilots to acquire LAF skills.In order for simulator training of any flight skill to transfer positively to the real world, it is critical that the simulation include the necessary visual cues. Owing to both computational and display limitations, current flight simulators cannot provide all of the cues associated with LAF. The questions then become, to what extent can LAF tasks be performed given the cues that are available, and to what extent can those cues be traded off so as not to exceed limited simulator capabilities? Answering these questions requires empirical research...

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The Effect of Familiar Size at Familiar Distances

Cited by 35 publications

References 14 publications

Observing and engaging in purposeful actions with objects influences estimates of their size

Observing and engaging in purposeful actions with objects influences estimates of their size

Perceived size of familiar objects and the theory of off-sized perceptions

The role of visual occlusion in altitude maintenance during simulated flight.

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