The Effect of Exercise on the Volume of the Blood

Kaltreider, Nolan L.; Meneely, George R.

doi:10.1172/jci101165

Cited by 63 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…To offset the initial changes in albumin concentration, in plasma volume, and in plasma optical density (25), a period of 41 minutes after the start of exercise and before the pre-injection plasma blank was drawn was provided in the experimental design. The major volume shifts occur within a 5-minute period during moderate to heavy exertion (26,27). The uppermost slope in Figure 1 (17.5% grade, 3.5 mph) indicates an initial nonlinearity of the ICG disappearance slope if injection or sampling, or both, are started too soon after the onset of exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indocyanine Green Clearance and Estimated Hepatic Blood Flow during Mild to Maximal Exercise in Upright Man *

Rowell¹,

Blackmon²,

Bruce³

1964

J. Clin. Invest.

377

193

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Krogh in 1912 (1) postulated the necessity for a large capacity venous reservoir capable of quickly delivering an autotransfusion of blood into the right heart during exercise, particularly in upright man, where Krogh felt venous return may at times be inadequate. Bock and co-workers (2) in their classical work reasoned that increased blood flow to working muscle, related in part to local vasodilation, must be partially effected by decreased splanchnic blood flow. Since the splanchnic region receives 20 to 25% of the total left ventricular output but extracts only 10 to 25% of the available oxygen (3), the splanchnic bed is ideally suited for rapid correction for any residual inbalance between left ventricular output and peripheral distribution of flow.The experimental evaluation of the influence of exercise on splanchnic blood flow, however, has produced conflicting results. Herrick, Grindlay, Baldes, and Mann (4), and more recently Rushmer, Franklin, Van Citters, and Smith (5) did not find a decrease in splanchnic blood flow in dogs undergoing an intensity of exercise far below their maximal capacities. Also plethysmographic studies in man by Sj6strand (6) led him to conclude that intrathoracic rather than splanchnic blood depots are functionally important in exercise.In contrast, a study by Bradley (7) and by Wade and co-workers (8)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indocyanine Green Clearance and Estimated Hepatic Blood Flow during Mild to Maximal Exercise in Upright Man *

Rowell¹,

Blackmon²,

Bruce³

1964

J. Clin. Invest.

377

193

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“…It is now generally agreed that the red cell volume does not change appreciably during short-term exercise in man, and that plasma volume is reduced as a result of filtration of fluid and albumin out of the circulation (Kaltreider & Meneely, 1940;Ebert & Stead, 1941;Nylin, 1947; Uehlinger & Buhlmann, 1961;Saltin & Stenberg, 1964;Fricke, 1965;Ekelund, 1967). This effect is almost complete within 5 min of starting exercise (Holmgren, 1956;Saltin & Stenberg, 1964) and is proportional to the work rate (Holmgren, 1956;Fricke, 1965).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood volume changes in outdoor exercise of 8‐10 hour duration

Pugh¹

1969

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Blood volume was measured with carbon monoxide on six hillwalkers before and immediately after a 28-mile walk on two occasions. The subjects had free access to food and fluid.2. Blood volume increased and haematocrit fell significantly on both occasions compared with the control observations. The mean increase of blood volume was 204 ml. or 3-9 % (P < 0.01) and the mean reduction of haematocrit was 2 1 % (P < 0-02). Plasma volume calculated from these results increased by 233 ml. or 7-3 %. There was no significant change in red cell volume or plasma protein concentration.3. These changes are the opposite of those taking place in short-term exercise and suggest that in the absence of dehydration a compensatory adjustment of blood volume takes place during exercise of many hours duration.

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“…A shift in the proportion of blood present in the large and small vessels can produce changes of this nature. For example, calculation of the red cell volume from the plasma volume and hematocrit reading before and after strenuous exercise shows an apparent increase in the number of red cells in the circulation (12,13). It seems probable that this increase is due to a difference in the distribution of red cells in the circulation because it occurs in splenectomized as well as in normal subjects (13).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demonstration That the Cell Plasma Ratio of Blood Contained in Minute Vessels Is Lower Than That of Venous Blood

Ebert¹,

Stead²

1941

J. Clin. Invest.

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A study of the distribution of the red cells in the circulating blood is of both theoretical and practical importance. In spite of the fact that blood taken from artery, vein or finger has the same cell plasma ratio (1, 2), certain investigators (2,3,5) believe that the red cells are not uniformly distributed throughout the vascular bed but that the blood from the large vessels has a higher cell plasma ratio than the blood contained in the minute vessels. Direct observation of the minute blood vessels (6) has shown that the red cells flow in the rapidly moving central portion of the stream and that there is a slow moving clear layer of plasma adjacent to the wall of the vessel. Because of the size of this peripheral layer of clear plasma in the minute blood vessels, it has been suggested that the cell plasma ratio of blood contained in the minute vessels is lower than that of blood from the large vessels.The cell plasma ratio of the blood contained in the minute vessels has not been determined because of the difficulty in obtaining a sample of this blood. Blood collected from a vein or from the cut ends of minute vessels is representative of the blood flowing from the minute vessels but it is not necessarily representative of the blood contained within the minute vessels. The blood contained within the minute vessels consists not only of the central core of red cells and plasma which is flowing rapidly into the veins, but also of the slower moving peripheral layer of plasma.In this study a technique for obtaining a portion of the blood actually contained within the minute vessels is described. To obtain this blood it is necessary (1) to obstruct the arterial inflow to the part, (2) to empty the blood out of the large vessels, and (3) to force the blood from the minute vessels into the veins where it can be collected. The hemoglobin concentration and protein concentration of the venous blood and of the blood contained within the minute vessels were compared. METHODFifteen experiments were performed on six normal male subjects. All determinations were made on fasting subjects who had rested in the horizontal position for 30 minutes. A blood pressure cuff was placed loosely on the arm, care being taken not to cause venous distention. A needle, with the point toward the wrist, was introduced into the antecubital vein distal to the cuff. In most of the experiments the vein was entered without a tourniquet. When a tourniquet was used, blood was allowed to drip from the needle for 3 minutes before proceeding. A sample of venous blood was then taken. Immediately thereafter the arterial inflow to the arm was stopped by suddenly inflating the cuff on the arm to a pressure of 300 mm. of Hg. The forearm and hand were then elevated and the bl6od (usually 40 to 60 cc.) was removed by a syringe. When no more blood could be obtained, an Esmarch's bandage was applied to the forearm, beginning at the wrist, and the remaining blood was milked toward the needle. About 3 to 6 cc. of blood were obtained during the application of the ...

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The Effect of Exercise on the Volume of the Blood

Cited by 63 publications

References 17 publications

Indocyanine Green Clearance and Estimated Hepatic Blood Flow during Mild to Maximal Exercise in Upright Man *

Indocyanine Green Clearance and Estimated Hepatic Blood Flow during Mild to Maximal Exercise in Upright Man *

Blood volume changes in outdoor exercise of 8‐10 hour duration

Demonstration That the Cell Plasma Ratio of Blood Contained in Minute Vessels Is Lower Than That of Venous Blood

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