The effect of eviction moratoria on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Nande, Anjalika; Sheen, Justin; Walters, Emma L.; Klein, Brennan; Chinazzi, Matteo; Gheorghe, Andrei Horia; Adlam, Ben; Shinnick, Julianna; Tejeda, Maria Florencia; Scarpino, Samuel V.; Vespignani, Alessandro; Greenlee, Andrew J.; Schneider, Daniel; Levy, Michael Z.; Hill, Alison L.

doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22521-5

Cited by 74 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic precipitated an economic crisis in the United States that, as a function of the sectors most severely affected, has had a disproportionate impact on renter households (Airgood-Obrycki and Hermann 2021; Kneebone and Murray 2020). As concern grew that job losses might put a growing number of families at risk for eviction, and recognizing that a spike in evictions would likely exacerbate the spread of COVID-19 (Benfer et al 2021;Leifheit et al 2020;Nande et al 2021), policy makers at the federal, state, and local levels initiated an unprecedented array of interventions intended to support residential stability, including temporary eviction moratoria. These policies varied considerably in terms of what protections were afforded, to whom, and for what duration ), but at least initially, they shared a common goal: to prevent housing instability during the public health emergency.This article offers a snapshot of eviction filing patterns in 2020 and a first description of the efficacy of these interventions.

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confidence: 99%

U.S. Eviction Filing Patterns in 2020

Hepburn

Louis

Fish

et al. 2021

Socius

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The coronavirus pandemic precipitated an economic crisis disproportionately affecting renter households. Attempting to prevent a surge in evictions, policy makers at the federal, state, and local levels extended emergency protections to renters. The authors describe eviction filing patterns in 2020 and analyze the efficacy of eviction moratoria. New filings were reduced dramatically since the start of the pandemic. Between March 15 and December 31, 2020, across sites for which data are available, 65 percent fewer eviction cases were filed than would be expected in a typical year. Extrapolating nationwide, the authors estimate that at least 1.55 million fewer eviction cases were filed in 2020 than in a normal year. The pace at which cases were filed increased in late 2020, however, and the amount of back rent claimed grew considerably. Filing rates exceeded historical averages when protections lapsed. Black and female renters received a disproportionate share of eviction cases filed during the pandemic.

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confidence: 99%

U.S. Eviction Filing Patterns in 2020

Hepburn

Louis

Fish

et al. 2021

Socius

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The result of the sensitivity analysis showing no association of expiring eviction moratoria on the hazard of individuals in this data set changing zip codes is consistent with previous findings in the literature, ie, an individual’s hazard of COVID-19 diagnosis was not just affected by personal experiences with eviction but also by spillovers from the transmission process created by evictions within a community. 5 While previous ecological evidence showed that area-level COVID-19 incidence increases after eviction moratoria are lifted, 4 these county-level analyses have not been able to answer the question of who, specifically, is put at risk by allowing evictions to occur during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eviction Moratoria Expiration and COVID-19 Infection Risk Across Strata of Health and Socioeconomic Status in the United States

2021

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IMPORTANCE Housing insecurity induced by evictions may increase the risk of contracting COVID-19.OBJECTIVE To estimate the association of lifting state-level eviction moratoria, which increased housing insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the risk of being diagnosed with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis retrospective cohort study included individuals with commercial insurance or Medicare Advantage who lived in a state that issued an eviction moratorium and were diagnosed with COVID-19 as well as a control group comprising an equal number of randomly selected individuals in these states who were not diagnosed with COVID-19. Data were collected from OptumLabs Data Warehouse, a database of deidentified administrative claims. The study used a difference-in-differences analysis among states that implemented an eviction moratorium between March 13, 2020, and September 4, 2020.EXPOSURES Time since state-level eviction moratoria were lifted. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome measure was a binary variable indicating whether an individual was diagnosed with COVID-19 for the first time in a given week with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision code U07.1. The study analyzed changes in COVID-19 diagnosis before vs after a state lifted its moratorium compared with changes in states that did not lift it. For sensitivity analyses, models were reestimated on a 2% random sample of all individuals in the claims database during this period in these states. RESULTSThe cohort consisted of 509 694 individuals (254 847 [50.0%] diagnosed with COVID-19; mean [SD] age, 47.0 [23.6] years; 239 056 [53.3%] men). During the study period, 43 states and the District of Columbia implemented an eviction moratorium and 7 did not. Among the states that implemented a moratorium, 26 (59.1%) lifted their moratorium before the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued their national moratorium, while 18 (40.1%) maintained theirs. In a Cox difference-in-differences regression model, individuals living in a state that lifted its eviction moratorium experienced higher hazards of a COVID-19 diagnosis beginning 5 weeks after the moratorium was lifted (hazard ratio [HR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.76; P = .004), reaching an HR of 1.83 (95% CI, 1.36-2.46; P < .001) 12 weeks after. Hazards increased in magnitude among individuals with preexisting comorbidities and those living in nonaffluent and rent-burdened areas. Individuals with a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 3 or greater had an HR of 2.37 (95% CI, 1.67-3.36; P < .001) at the end of the study period. Those living in nonaffluent areas had an HR of 2.14 (95% CI, 1.51-3.05; P < .001), while those living in areas with a high rent burden had an HR of 2.31 (95% CI, 1.64-3.26; P < .001).

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“…For example, as various eviction moratoriums throughout the US have lapsed during the pandemic, eviction filings have exceeded historical averages (Hepburn et al, 2021). Emerging evidence suggests that COVID-19 eviction moratoriums have helped to mitigate the spread of the virus and prevent housing displacement, though much of this evidence is preliminary and more work in this area is needed (Benfer et al, 2020;Jowers et al, 2021;Leifheit et al, 2020;Nande et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 eviction moratoriums and eviction filings: evidence from New Orleans

Callison

Finger

Smith

2021

Housing and Society

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Securing stable housing to prevent the spread of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic remains a concern among policymakers in the US. In this article, we provide a descriptive analysis of the association between COVID-19-related eviction moratoriums and eviction filings in New Orleans, Louisiana. Beginning in March 2020, four separate moratoriums were implemented at the local, state, and federal levels that sought to restrict eviction filings in New Orleans. We collected data on evictions filed from January 2017 through November 2020 in the First City Court of Orleans Parish, the entity responsible for adjudicating the majority of eviction filings in New Orleans. We then examined the association between the various eviction moratoriums, the number of evictions filed, the estimated number of evictions temporarily averted, and the average suit dollar amount for filed evictions. Our results indicate that local and state moratoriums were effective at temporarily halting eviction filings. Federal moratoriums offering fewer protections reduced eviction filings by approximately 50%. We estimate that COVID-19-related eviction moratoriums temporarily averted 2,492 eviction filings in New Orleans between March and November 2020. The average suit amount for eviction filings that resumed following the expiration of local and state moratoriums doubled from pre-COVID-19 filing amounts.

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The effect of eviction moratoria on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 74 publications

References 63 publications

U.S. Eviction Filing Patterns in 2020

U.S. Eviction Filing Patterns in 2020

Eviction Moratoria Expiration and COVID-19 Infection Risk Across Strata of Health and Socioeconomic Status in the United States

COVID-19 eviction moratoriums and eviction filings: evidence from New Orleans

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